diff --git a/renderer/src/render_graph/compiler.rs b/renderer/src/render_graph/compiler.rs
index 8bd242c..f12a72f 100644
--- a/renderer/src/render_graph/compiler.rs
+++ b/renderer/src/render_graph/compiler.rs
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ struct CullParameters {
 }
 #[derive(Deserialize)]
 #[serde(deny_unknown_fields, rename_all = "camelCase")]
-struct PipelineParameters {
-    pipeline: String,
+struct RasterParameters {
+    draw_order: i32,
     depth_compare: CompareFunction,
     depth_write_enabled: bool,
     clear_depth: f32,
@@ -137,6 +137,11 @@ fn color(value: [f32; 4], min: f32, max: f32, base: &str) -> Result<[f32; 3], Gr
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 struct OutputKey(usize, u16);
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+enum AttachmentRoot {
+    Authored(OutputKey),
+    CompilerDefault { node: usize, ordinal: u16 },
+}
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 enum TransitionTargetKey {
     Authored(OutputKey),
     CompilerDefaultInput {
@@ -244,6 +249,7 @@ fn reaches(
     from: usize,
     to: usize,
     outgoing_edges: &[Vec<usize>],
+    ordering_outgoing: &[Vec<usize>],
     edges: &[DependencyEdge],
     live: &HashSet<usize>,
     memo: &mut HashMap<(usize, usize), bool>,
@@ -268,6 +274,11 @@ fn reaches(
                 stack.push(next);
             }
         }
+        for &next in &ordering_outgoing[node] {
+            if live.contains(&next) {
+                stack.push(next);
+            }
+        }
     }
     memo.insert((from, to), answer);
     answer
@@ -741,21 +752,9 @@ fn decode(node: &Node, i: usize) -> Result<NormalizedParameters, GraphError> {
                 descriptor: normalize_texture(p.texture, &base)?,
             }
         }
-        "pipeline" => {
-            let p: PipelineParameters =
+        key if contract(key).is_some_and(|contract| contract.is_raster_draw()) => {
+            let p: RasterParameters =
                 serde_json::from_value(node.parameters.clone()).map_err(invalid)?;
-            let valid_name = !p.pipeline.is_empty()
-                && p.pipeline.len() <= 64
-                && p.pipeline.bytes().enumerate().all(|(i, c)| {
-                    c == b'_' || c.is_ascii_alphanumeric() && (i > 0 || c.is_ascii_alphabetic())
-                });
-            if !valid_name {
-                return Err(error(
-                    "GRAPH_PARAMETERS_INVALID",
-                    "pipeline must be a 1-64 byte identifier",
-                    format!("{base}.pipeline"),
-                ));
-            }
             if !p.clear_depth.is_finite() || !(0.0..=1.0).contains(&p.clear_depth) {
                 return Err(error(
                     "GRAPH_PARAMETERS_INVALID",
@@ -770,8 +769,8 @@ fn decode(node: &Node, i: usize) -> Result<NormalizedParameters, GraphError> {
                     format!("{base}.clearColor"),
                 ));
             }
-            NormalizedParameters::Pipeline {
-                pipeline: p.pipeline,
+            NormalizedParameters::Raster {
+                draw_order: p.draw_order,
                 depth_compare: p.depth_compare,
                 depth_write_enabled: p.depth_write_enabled,
                 clear_depth: p.clear_depth,
@@ -1102,6 +1101,271 @@ pub fn compile(graph: Graph) -> Result<CompiledGraph, GraphError> {
             e.producer_output_ordinal,
         )
     });
+    let is_normalizable_target = |edge: &DependencyEdge| {
+        contracts[edge.from_node].is_raster_draw()
+            && contracts[edge.to_node].is_raster_draw()
+            && matches!(
+                contracts[edge.to_node].inputs[edge.consumer_input_ordinal as usize].role,
+                InputRole::ColorTarget { .. } | InputRole::DepthTarget
+            )
+    };
+    let is_exact_reader = |edge: &DependencyEdge| {
+        let input = &contracts[edge.to_node].inputs[edge.consumer_input_ordinal as usize];
+        input.role == InputRole::SampledTexture
+            || (input.role == InputRole::SemanticRead
+                && contracts[edge.from_node].outputs[edge.producer_output_ordinal as usize]
+                    .semantic_type
+                    == SemanticType::Texture)
+    };
+    // Compute demand from authored resource dependencies only. In particular,
+    // a later WAR ordering edge must never resurrect its reader.
+    let mut provisional_live = HashSet::new();
+    let mut provisional_stack: Vec<_> = contracts
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .filter(|(i, contract)| {
+            contract.inherently_observable && graph.nodes[*i].state == NodeState::Enabled
+        })
+        .map(|(i, _)| i)
+        .collect();
+    let mut authored_deps = vec![Vec::new(); graph.nodes.len()];
+    for edge in &edges {
+        authored_deps[edge.to_node].push(edge.from_node);
+    }
+    while let Some(node) = provisional_stack.pop() {
+        if provisional_live.insert(node) {
+            provisional_stack.extend(authored_deps[node].iter().copied());
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Preserve authored, non-normalized dataflow before attachment normalization. It
+    // is used both to diagnose impossible draw-order normalization and to find
+    // readers which must finish before an attachment version is overwritten.
+    let ordinary_edges: Vec<_> = edges
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|edge| !is_normalizable_target(edge))
+        .cloned()
+        .collect();
+    let mut target_consumers = HashMap::<OutputKey, Vec<usize>>::new();
+    let mut ordinary_consumers = HashMap::<OutputKey, Vec<usize>>::new();
+    for edge in &edges {
+        let key = OutputKey(edge.from_node, edge.producer_output_ordinal);
+        if is_normalizable_target(edge) {
+            target_consumers.entry(key).or_default().push(edge.to_node);
+        } else if is_exact_reader(edge) && provisional_live.contains(&edge.to_node) {
+            ordinary_consumers
+                .entry(key)
+                .or_default()
+                .push(edge.to_node);
+        }
+    }
+    let observation_cuts: HashSet<_> = target_consumers
+        .keys()
+        .filter(|key| ordinary_consumers.contains_key(key))
+        .copied()
+        .collect();
+    let mut ordering_edges = Vec::new();
+
+    // Normalize raster attachment versions before liveness. Authored graphs may
+    // express a render-pass cohort either as a chain or as direct siblings of
+    // one texture. Turn both forms into an explicit, deterministic SSA chain.
+    fn attachment_root(
+        node: usize,
+        ordinal: u16,
+        bound: &[BTreeMap<&str, BoundInput>],
+        contracts: &[&Contract],
+        colors: &mut HashMap<(usize, u16), u8>,
+        roots: &mut HashMap<(usize, u16), AttachmentRoot>,
+    ) -> Result<AttachmentRoot, GraphError> {
+        if let Some(&root) = roots.get(&(node, ordinal)) {
+            return Ok(root);
+        }
+        if colors.get(&(node, ordinal)) == Some(&1) {
+            return Err(error(
+                "GRAPH_ATTACHMENT_LINEAGE_INVALID",
+                "attachment lineage is cyclic",
+                format!("nodes[{node}].inputs"),
+            ));
+        }
+        colors.insert((node, ordinal), 1);
+        let socket = if ordinal == 0 {
+            "colorTarget"
+        } else {
+            "depthTarget"
+        };
+        let root = match bound[node].get(socket).map(|binding| binding.producer) {
+            None => AttachmentRoot::CompilerDefault { node, ordinal },
+            Some(output)
+                if !contracts[output.0].is_raster_draw()
+                    && contracts[output.0].outputs[output.1 as usize].semantic_type
+                        == SemanticType::Texture =>
+            {
+                AttachmentRoot::Authored(output)
+            }
+            Some(output) if contracts[output.0].is_raster_draw() && output.1 == ordinal => {
+                attachment_root(output.0, ordinal, bound, contracts, colors, roots)?
+            }
+            Some(_) => {
+                return Err(error(
+                    "GRAPH_ATTACHMENT_LINEAGE_INVALID",
+                    "attachment lineage has no texture or default root",
+                    format!("nodes[{node}].inputs.{socket}"),
+                ))
+            }
+        };
+        colors.insert((node, ordinal), 2);
+        roots.insert((node, ordinal), root);
+        Ok(root)
+    }
+
+    let raster_nodes: Vec<_> = contracts
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .filter_map(|(i, contract)| contract.is_raster_draw().then_some(i))
+        .collect();
+    let mut aliases = HashMap::<OutputKey, OutputKey>::new();
+    for ordinal in 0..=1u16 {
+        let mut colors = HashMap::new();
+        let mut roots = HashMap::new();
+        let mut cohorts = BTreeMap::<AttachmentRoot, Vec<usize>>::new();
+        for &node in &raster_nodes {
+            let root = attachment_root(node, ordinal, &bound, &contracts, &mut colors, &mut roots)?;
+            cohorts.entry(root).or_default().push(node);
+        }
+        for (root, mut members) in cohorts {
+            members.sort_by_key(|&node| {
+                let NormalizedParameters::Raster { draw_order, .. } = params[node] else {
+                    unreachable!()
+                };
+                (draw_order, node)
+            });
+            // An observed version ends its aliasing segment. Writers after the
+            // cut continue the same physical lineage, but may not replace the
+            // version seen by the reader.
+            let mut segment_start = 0;
+            for position in 0..members.len() {
+                let at_cut = observation_cuts.contains(&OutputKey(members[position], ordinal));
+                if at_cut || position + 1 == members.len() {
+                    let terminal = OutputKey(members[position], ordinal);
+                    for &member in &members[segment_start..=position] {
+                        aliases.insert(OutputKey(member, ordinal), terminal);
+                    }
+                    if let Some(&next_writer) = members.get(position + 1) {
+                        for &member in &members[segment_start..=position] {
+                            let output = OutputKey(member, ordinal);
+                            for &reader in ordinary_consumers.get(&output).into_iter().flatten() {
+                                if reader != next_writer {
+                                    ordering_edges.push((reader, next_writer));
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    segment_start = position + 1;
+                }
+            }
+            let socket = if ordinal == 0 {
+                "colorTarget"
+            } else {
+                "depthTarget"
+            };
+            for (position, &member) in members.iter().enumerate() {
+                let target = if position == 0 {
+                    match root {
+                        AttachmentRoot::Authored(output) => Some(output),
+                        AttachmentRoot::CompilerDefault { .. } => None,
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    Some(OutputKey(members[position - 1], ordinal))
+                };
+                bound[member].remove(socket);
+                if let Some(producer) = target {
+                    bound[member].insert(socket, BoundInput { producer });
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    ordering_edges.sort_unstable();
+    ordering_edges.dedup();
+    // Replace authored attachment dependencies with the canonical WAW chain,
+    // and redirect observations of any cohort member to its terminal version.
+    edges.retain(|edge| {
+        !(contracts[edge.to_node].is_raster_draw()
+            && (edge.to_socket == "colorTarget" || edge.to_socket == "depthTarget"))
+    });
+    for &node in &raster_nodes {
+        for (socket, ordinal) in [("colorTarget", 0u16), ("depthTarget", 1u16)] {
+            let Some(binding) = bound[node].get(socket) else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            let input_ordinal = contracts[node]
+                .inputs
+                .iter()
+                .position(|input| input.name == socket)
+                .expect("raster target contract") as u16;
+            edges.push(DependencyEdge {
+                from_node: binding.producer.0,
+                from_socket: contracts[binding.producer.0].outputs[binding.producer.1 as usize]
+                    .name
+                    .into(),
+                producer_output_ordinal: binding.producer.1,
+                to_node: node,
+                to_socket: socket.into(),
+                consumer_input_ordinal: input_ordinal,
+                resource: NodeOutputRef {
+                    node: graph.nodes[binding.producer.0].id.clone(),
+                    socket: contracts[binding.producer.0].outputs[binding.producer.1 as usize]
+                        .name
+                        .into(),
+                },
+            });
+            let _ = ordinal;
+        }
+    }
+    for node in 0..graph.nodes.len() {
+        for input in contracts[node].inputs.iter().filter(|input| {
+            matches!(
+                input.role,
+                InputRole::SampledTexture | InputRole::SemanticRead
+            )
+        }) {
+            let Some(binding) = bound[node].get_mut(input.name) else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            if input.role == InputRole::SemanticRead
+                && contracts[binding.producer.0].outputs[binding.producer.1 as usize].semantic_type
+                    != SemanticType::Texture
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if let Some(&terminal) = aliases.get(&binding.producer) {
+                binding.producer = terminal;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    for edge in &mut edges {
+        if is_exact_reader(edge) {
+            let key = OutputKey(edge.from_node, edge.producer_output_ordinal);
+            if let Some(&terminal) = aliases.get(&key) {
+                edge.from_node = terminal.0;
+                edge.producer_output_ordinal = terminal.1;
+                edge.from_socket = contracts[terminal.0].outputs[terminal.1 as usize]
+                    .name
+                    .into();
+                edge.resource = NodeOutputRef {
+                    node: graph.nodes[terminal.0].id.clone(),
+                    socket: edge.from_socket.clone(),
+                };
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    edges.sort_by_key(|e| {
+        (
+            e.to_node,
+            e.consumer_input_ordinal,
+            e.from_node,
+            e.producer_output_ordinal,
+        )
+    });
     let mut deps = vec![Vec::new(); graph.nodes.len()];
     for edge in &edges {
         deps[edge.to_node].push(edge.from_node);
@@ -1122,6 +1386,42 @@ pub fn compile(graph: Graph) -> Result<CompiledGraph, GraphError> {
             stack.extend(deps[i].iter().copied());
         }
     }
+    // A canonical attachment writer edge may not reverse authored ordinary
+    // dataflow. Keep this distinct from generic cycle reporting so authors get
+    // the draw-order parameter which made normalization impossible.
+    let mut ordinary_outgoing = vec![Vec::new(); graph.nodes.len()];
+    for edge in &ordinary_edges {
+        ordinary_outgoing[edge.from_node].push(edge.to_node);
+    }
+    let ordinary_reaches = |from: usize, to: usize| {
+        let mut seen = vec![false; graph.nodes.len()];
+        let mut pending = vec![from];
+        while let Some(node) = pending.pop() {
+            if node == to {
+                return true;
+            }
+            if !seen[node] {
+                seen[node] = true;
+                pending.extend(ordinary_outgoing[node].iter().copied());
+            }
+        }
+        false
+    };
+    let mut draw_order_conflicts: Vec<_> = edges
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|edge| {
+            contracts[edge.from_node].is_raster_draw()
+                && contracts[edge.to_node].is_raster_draw()
+                && matches!(
+                    contracts[edge.to_node].inputs[edge.consumer_input_ordinal as usize].role,
+                    InputRole::ColorTarget { .. } | InputRole::DepthTarget
+                )
+                && ordinary_reaches(edge.to_node, edge.from_node)
+        })
+        .map(|edge| edge.to_node)
+        .collect();
+    draw_order_conflicts.sort_unstable();
+    draw_order_conflicts.dedup();
     // IDs are independent of scheduling: original node order, then contract output order.
     // Source nodes expose only outputs that survived active-edge/liveness analysis;
     // executable nodes retain their complete output shape for runtime lowering.
@@ -1215,10 +1515,10 @@ pub fn compile(graph: Graph) -> Result<CompiledGraph, GraphError> {
     let mut default_roots: Vec<DefaultDraft> = Vec::new();
     let mut default_targets = HashMap::new();
     for i in 0..graph.nodes.len() {
-        if !live.contains(&i) || contracts[i].key != "pipeline" {
+        if !live.contains(&i) || !contracts[i].is_raster_draw() {
             continue;
         }
-        for (input_ordinal, (socket, role, format, opposite)) in [
+        for (socket, role, format, opposite) in [
             (
                 "colorTarget",
                 CompilerTextureRole::ColorTarget,
@@ -1233,12 +1533,16 @@ pub fn compile(graph: Graph) -> Result<CompiledGraph, GraphError> {
             ),
         ]
         .into_iter()
-        .enumerate()
         {
             if bound[i].contains_key(socket) {
                 continue;
             }
-            let input_ordinal = input_ordinal as u16 + 2;
+            let input_ordinal = contracts[i]
+                .inputs
+                .iter()
+                .position(|input| input.name == socket)
+                .expect("compiler target has a contract input")
+                as u16;
             let key = TransitionTargetKey::CompilerDefaultInput {
                 owner_node: i,
                 input_ordinal,
@@ -1267,8 +1571,8 @@ pub fn compile(graph: Graph) -> Result<CompiledGraph, GraphError> {
         if !live.contains(&i) {
             continue;
         }
-        let transition_sockets: &[(&str, u16)] = match contracts[i].key {
-            "pipeline" => &[("colorTarget", 0), ("depthTarget", 1)],
+        let transition_sockets: &[(&str, u16)] = match contracts[i] {
+            ref contract if contract.is_raster_draw() => &[("colorTarget", 0), ("depthTarget", 1)],
             _ if contracts[i].fullscreen_policy.is_some() => &[("colorTarget", 0)],
             _ => continue,
         };
@@ -1388,6 +1692,12 @@ pub fn compile(graph: Graph) -> Result<CompiledGraph, GraphError> {
             outgoing_edges[edge.from_node].push(index);
         }
     }
+    let mut ordering_outgoing = vec![Vec::new(); graph.nodes.len()];
+    for &(from, to) in &ordering_edges {
+        if live.contains(&from) && live.contains(&to) {
+            ordering_outgoing[from].push(to);
+        }
+    }
     for outgoing in &mut outgoing_edges {
         outgoing.sort_by_key(|&index| {
             let edge = &edges[index];
@@ -1404,7 +1714,7 @@ pub fn compile(graph: Graph) -> Result<CompiledGraph, GraphError> {
         if !live.contains(&i) {
             continue;
         }
-        if contracts[i].key == "pipeline" {
+        if contracts[i].is_raster_draw() {
             if bound[i].get("colorTarget").map(|b| b.producer)
                 == bound[i].get("depthTarget").map(|b| b.producer)
                 && bound[i].contains_key("colorTarget")
@@ -1532,7 +1842,7 @@ pub fn compile(graph: Graph) -> Result<CompiledGraph, GraphError> {
                 format!("nodes[{}].inputs.{}", edge.to_node, edge.to_socket),
             ));
         }
-        if contracts[edge.from_node].key != "pipeline" || edge.producer_output_ordinal != 0 {
+        if !contracts[edge.from_node].is_raster_draw() || edge.producer_output_ordinal != 0 {
             return Err(error(
                 "GRAPH_ILLEGAL_ACCESS",
                 "multisampled color texture is not a produced pipeline color",
@@ -1571,6 +1881,7 @@ pub fn compile(graph: Graph) -> Result<CompiledGraph, GraphError> {
                     i,
                     next.writer_node,
                     &outgoing_edges,
+                    &ordering_outgoing,
                     &edges,
                     &live,
                     &mut reachability,
@@ -1587,7 +1898,7 @@ pub fn compile(graph: Graph) -> Result<CompiledGraph, GraphError> {
 
     // Validate every independently resolved attachment before graph cycle reporting.
     for i in 0..graph.nodes.len() {
-        if !live.contains(&i) || contracts[i].key != "pipeline" {
+        if !live.contains(&i) || !contracts[i].is_raster_draw() {
             continue;
         }
         let cd = version_of
@@ -1780,12 +2091,23 @@ pub fn compile(graph: Graph) -> Result<CompiledGraph, GraphError> {
     }
 
     // Stable Kahn scheduling is deliberately after resource and access validation.
+    if let Some(&node) = draw_order_conflicts.iter().find(|node| live.contains(node)) {
+        return Err(error(
+            "GRAPH_DRAW_ORDER_CONFLICT",
+            "draw order conflicts with authored dependencies",
+            format!("nodes[{node}].parameters.drawOrder"),
+        ));
+    }
     let mut indegree = vec![0; graph.nodes.len()];
     for &node in &live {
         indegree[node] = edges
             .iter()
             .filter(|edge| edge.to_node == node && live.contains(&edge.from_node))
-            .count();
+            .count()
+            + ordering_edges
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|(from, to)| *to == node && live.contains(from))
+                .count();
     }
     let mut queue = BinaryHeap::new();
     for &node in &live {
@@ -1803,6 +2125,12 @@ pub fn compile(graph: Graph) -> Result<CompiledGraph, GraphError> {
                 queue.push(Reverse(consumer));
             }
         }
+        for &consumer in &ordering_outgoing[node] {
+            indegree[consumer] -= 1;
+            if indegree[consumer] == 0 {
+                queue.push(Reverse(consumer));
+            }
+        }
     }
     if order.len() != live.len() {
         let residual: Vec<_> = (0..graph.nodes.len())
@@ -1811,6 +2139,7 @@ pub fn compile(graph: Graph) -> Result<CompiledGraph, GraphError> {
         fn cycle_dfs(
             node: usize,
             outgoing_edges: &[Vec<usize>],
+            ordering_outgoing: &[Vec<usize>],
             edges: &[DependencyEdge],
             residual: &[bool],
             colors: &mut [u8],
@@ -1829,6 +2158,7 @@ pub fn compile(graph: Graph) -> Result<CompiledGraph, GraphError> {
                     if let Some(cycle) = cycle_dfs(
                         to,
                         outgoing_edges,
+                        ordering_outgoing,
                         edges,
                         residual,
                         colors,
@@ -1848,6 +2178,31 @@ pub fn compile(graph: Graph) -> Result<CompiledGraph, GraphError> {
                     return Some(cycle);
                 }
             }
+            for &to in &ordering_outgoing[node] {
+                if !residual[to] {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if colors[to] == 0 {
+                    if cycle_dfs(
+                        to,
+                        outgoing_edges,
+                        ordering_outgoing,
+                        edges,
+                        residual,
+                        colors,
+                        node_stack,
+                        edge_stack,
+                    )
+                    .is_some()
+                    {
+                        // Ordering edges are synthetic and have no authored
+                        // socket payload, but still constitute a real cycle.
+                        return Some(Vec::new());
+                    }
+                } else if colors[to] == 1 {
+                    return Some(Vec::new());
+                }
+            }
             node_stack.pop();
             colors[node] = 2;
             None
@@ -1859,6 +2214,7 @@ pub fn compile(graph: Graph) -> Result<CompiledGraph, GraphError> {
                 cycle = cycle_dfs(
                     node,
                     &outgoing_edges,
+                    &ordering_outgoing,
                     &edges,
                     &residual,
                     &mut colors,
@@ -2189,15 +2545,15 @@ pub fn compile(graph: Graph) -> Result<CompiledGraph, GraphError> {
             .collect();
         let mut accesses = Vec::new();
         let kind = match contracts[i].key {
-            "pipeline" => {
+            _ if contracts[i].is_raster_draw() => {
                 let color = output_ids[&OutputKey(i, 0)];
                 let depth = output_ids[&OutputKey(i, 1)];
                 let clear = match params[i] {
-                    NormalizedParameters::Pipeline { clear_color, .. } => clear_color,
+                    NormalizedParameters::Raster { clear_color, .. } => clear_color,
                     _ => unreachable!(),
                 };
                 let clear_depth = match &params[i] {
-                    NormalizedParameters::Pipeline { clear_depth, .. } => *clear_depth,
+                    NormalizedParameters::Raster { clear_depth, .. } => *clear_depth,
                     _ => unreachable!(),
                 };
                 let first_color = version_of[&OutputKey(i, 0)].1 == 0;
@@ -2280,20 +2636,7 @@ pub fn compile(graph: Graph) -> Result<CompiledGraph, GraphError> {
                         },
                     });
                 }
-                ExecutionKind::Render {
-                    color_attachments: vec![ColorAttachmentPlan {
-                        resource: color,
-                        resolve_target,
-                        location: 0,
-                        load: cl,
-                        store: source_store,
-                    }],
-                    depth_stencil: Some(DepthStencilAttachmentPlan {
-                        resource: depth,
-                        load: dl,
-                        store: StoreOp::Store,
-                    }),
-                }
+                ExecutionKind::RasterDraw
             }
             _ if contracts[i].fullscreen_policy.is_some() => {
                 let color = output_ids[&OutputKey(i, 0)];
@@ -2321,16 +2664,7 @@ pub fn compile(graph: Graph) -> Result<CompiledGraph, GraphError> {
                         full_overwrite: true,
                     },
                 });
-                ExecutionKind::Render {
-                    color_attachments: vec![ColorAttachmentPlan {
-                        resource: color,
-                        resolve_target: None,
-                        location: 0,
-                        load,
-                        store: StoreOp::Store,
-                    }],
-                    depth_stencil: None,
-                }
+                ExecutionKind::Fullscreen
             }
             "frame_out" => {
                 let r = input_resource("color");
@@ -2584,7 +2918,7 @@ pub fn compile(graph: Graph) -> Result<CompiledGraph, GraphError> {
     let mut predicates = Vec::new();
     for (execution, compiled) in executions.iter().enumerate() {
         let node = compiled.original_node_index as usize;
-        if contracts[node].key != "pipeline" {
+        if !contracts[node].is_raster_draw() {
             continue;
         }
         let mesh = output_ids[&bound[node]["mesh"].producer];
@@ -2599,7 +2933,7 @@ pub fn compile(graph: Graph) -> Result<CompiledGraph, GraphError> {
         let predicate = if let Some(binding) = bound[node].get("predicate") {
             expression_ids[&binding.producer]
         } else {
-            let NormalizedParameters::Pipeline {
+            let NormalizedParameters::Raster {
                 predicate_default, ..
             } = params[node]
             else {
@@ -2651,9 +2985,15 @@ pub fn compile(graph: Graph) -> Result<CompiledGraph, GraphError> {
             }
         }
     }
-    // Dense lifetimes touch bindings, outputs, and accesses.
+    let render_passes = build_render_passes(&executions, &resources, &families);
+    let execution_pass: Vec<u32> = render_passes
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .flat_map(|(pass, value)| value.executions.iter().map(move |_| pass as u32))
+        .collect();
+    // Dense lifetimes use physical pass ordinals; producer metadata remains logical.
     for (ordinal, e) in executions.iter().enumerate() {
-        let ordinal = ordinal as u32;
+        let ordinal = execution_pass[ordinal];
         let mut touched = BTreeSet::new();
         for x in &e.inputs {
             touched.insert(x.resource);
@@ -2710,6 +3050,7 @@ pub fn compile(graph: Graph) -> Result<CompiledGraph, GraphError> {
         node_count: graph.nodes.len() as u32,
         resources,
         executions,
+        render_passes,
         texture_families: families,
         allocation_classes: classes,
         culled_node_count: (graph.nodes.len() - live.len()) as u32,
@@ -2719,6 +3060,170 @@ pub fn compile(graph: Graph) -> Result<CompiledGraph, GraphError> {
     })
 }
 
+pub(crate) fn execution_attachments(
+    execution: &CompiledExecution,
+) -> (Vec<ColorAttachmentPlan>, Option<DepthStencilAttachmentPlan>) {
+    let mut colors = Vec::new();
+    let mut depth = None;
+    for access in &execution.accesses {
+        match access.mode {
+            AccessMode::ColorAttachment {
+                location,
+                load,
+                store,
+                ..
+            } => colors.push(ColorAttachmentPlan {
+                resource: access.resource,
+                resolve_target: execution.accesses.iter().find_map(|candidate| {
+                    match candidate.mode {
+                        AccessMode::ColorResolve {
+                            source,
+                            location: l,
+                        } if source == access.resource && l == location => Some(candidate.resource),
+                        _ => None,
+                    }
+                }),
+                location,
+                load,
+                store,
+            }),
+            AccessMode::DepthAttachment { load, store, .. } => {
+                depth = Some(DepthStencilAttachmentPlan {
+                    resource: access.resource,
+                    load,
+                    store,
+                })
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+    colors.sort_by_key(|color| color.location);
+    (colors, depth)
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn build_render_passes(
+    executions: &[CompiledExecution],
+    resources: &[CompiledResource],
+    families: &[TextureFamily],
+) -> Vec<PhysicalRenderPass> {
+    let family = |resource: u32| {
+        resources
+            .get(resource as usize)
+            .and_then(|resource| match resource.plan {
+                ResourcePlan::Texture { family, .. }
+                | ResourcePlan::TextureSource { family, .. } => Some(family),
+                _ => None,
+            })
+    };
+    let mut passes: Vec<PhysicalRenderPass> = Vec::new();
+    for (index, execution) in executions.iter().enumerate() {
+        if matches!(execution.kind, ExecutionKind::FrameOut { .. }) {
+            passes.push(PhysicalRenderPass {
+                executions: vec![index as u32],
+                kind: PhysicalRenderPassKind::Surface,
+            });
+            continue;
+        }
+        let (colors, depth) = execution_attachments(execution);
+        let mut merged = false;
+        if matches!(execution.kind, ExecutionKind::RasterDraw)
+            && colors.iter().all(|v| v.load == NormalizedColorLoad::Load)
+            && depth
+                .as_ref()
+                .is_none_or(|v| v.load == NormalizedDepthLoad::Load)
+        {
+            if let Some(PhysicalRenderPass {
+                executions: members,
+                kind:
+                    PhysicalRenderPassKind::Texture {
+                        color_attachments: previous_colors,
+                        depth_stencil: previous_depth,
+                    },
+            }) = passes.last_mut()
+            {
+                let previous = &executions[*members.last().unwrap() as usize];
+                let target_input = |socket: &str| {
+                    execution
+                        .inputs
+                        .iter()
+                        .find(|input| input.socket == socket)
+                        .map(|input| input.resource)
+                };
+                let exact = previous.outputs.iter().any(|out| {
+                    out.socket == "color" && Some(out.resource) == target_input("colorTarget")
+                }) && depth.as_ref().is_none_or(|_| {
+                    previous.outputs.iter().any(|out| {
+                        out.socket == "depth" && Some(out.resource) == target_input("depthTarget")
+                    })
+                });
+                let compatible = previous_colors.len() == colors.len()
+                    && previous_colors.iter().zip(&colors).all(|(a, b)| {
+                        a.location == b.location
+                            && family(a.resource) == family(b.resource)
+                            && family(a.resource).is_some_and(|f| {
+                                family(b.resource).is_some_and(|next_family| {
+                                    families.get(f as usize).is_some_and(|first| {
+                                        families.get(next_family as usize).is_some_and(|next| {
+                                            family_descriptor(first) == family_descriptor(next)
+                                        })
+                                    })
+                                })
+                            })
+                    })
+                    && match (previous_depth.as_ref(), depth.as_ref()) {
+                        (None, None) => true,
+                        (Some(a), Some(b)) => {
+                            family(a.resource) == family(b.resource)
+                                && family(a.resource).is_some_and(|f| {
+                                    family(b.resource).is_some_and(|next_family| {
+                                        families.get(f as usize).is_some_and(|first| {
+                                            families.get(next_family as usize).is_some_and(|next| {
+                                                family_descriptor(first) == family_descriptor(next)
+                                            })
+                                        })
+                                    })
+                                })
+                        }
+                        _ => false,
+                    };
+                let no_resolve = previous_colors.iter().all(|v| v.resolve_target.is_none());
+                let no_external = previous.outputs.iter().all(|out| {
+                    executions
+                        .iter()
+                        .enumerate()
+                        .filter(|(_, e)| e.inputs.iter().any(|v| v.resource == out.resource))
+                        .all(|(consumer, _)| consumer == index)
+                });
+                if exact && compatible && no_resolve && no_external {
+                    for (physical, final_value) in previous_colors.iter_mut().zip(&colors) {
+                        physical.resource = final_value.resource;
+                        physical.resolve_target = final_value.resolve_target;
+                        physical.store = final_value.store;
+                    }
+                    if let (Some(physical), Some(final_value)) =
+                        (previous_depth.as_mut(), depth.as_ref())
+                    {
+                        physical.resource = final_value.resource;
+                        physical.store = final_value.store;
+                    }
+                    members.push(index as u32);
+                    merged = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if !merged {
+            passes.push(PhysicalRenderPass {
+                executions: vec![index as u32],
+                kind: PhysicalRenderPassKind::Texture {
+                    color_attachments: colors,
+                    depth_stencil: depth,
+                },
+            });
+        }
+    }
+    passes
+}
+
 fn extent_layers(e: &NormalizedTextureExtent) -> u32 {
     match e {
         NormalizedTextureExtent::Absolute {
diff --git a/renderer/src/render_graph/contracts.rs b/renderer/src/render_graph/contracts.rs
index 50f2dfa..59d28d5 100644
--- a/renderer/src/render_graph/contracts.rs
+++ b/renderer/src/render_graph/contracts.rs
@@ -95,6 +95,11 @@ pub struct Contract {
     #[serde(skip)]
     pub fullscreen_policy: Option<FullscreenPolicy>,
 }
+impl Contract {
+    pub const fn is_raster_draw(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self.execution, ExecutionClass::Render) && self.fullscreen_policy.is_none()
+    }
+}
 
 use SemanticType::*;
 const R: InputCardinality = InputCardinality { min: 1, max: 1 };
@@ -138,7 +143,7 @@ const MESH_O: &[OutputSocketContract] = &[
     o("localAabb", LocalAabb),
 ];
 const TEXTURE_O: &[OutputSocketContract] = &[o("texture", Texture)];
-const PIPE_I: &[InputSocketContract] = &[
+const RASTER_I: &[InputSocketContract] = &[
     i("mesh", MeshData, R, InputRole::SemanticRead),
     i("predicate", Bool, O, InputRole::Expression),
     i(
@@ -149,7 +154,7 @@ const PIPE_I: &[InputSocketContract] = &[
     ),
     i("depthTarget", Texture, O, InputRole::DepthTarget),
 ];
-const PIPE_O: &[OutputSocketContract] = &[o("color", Texture), o("depth", Texture)];
+const RASTER_O: &[OutputSocketContract] = &[o("color", Texture), o("depth", Texture)];
 const CULL_I: &[InputSocketContract] = &[
     i("mesh", MeshData, R, InputRole::Expression),
     i("localAabb", LocalAabb, R, InputRole::Expression),
@@ -202,7 +207,17 @@ pub static CONTRACTS: &[Contract] = &[
     c!("mesh", 2, Source, NONE_I, MESH_O, false, None),
     c!("texture", 2, Source, NONE_I, TEXTURE_O, false, None),
     c!("frustum_cull", 2, Expression, CULL_I, CULL_O, false, None),
-    c!("pipeline", 4, Render, PIPE_I, PIPE_O, false, None),
+    c!("ground_plane", 1, Render, RASTER_I, RASTER_O, false, None),
+    c!("gltf_standard", 1, Render, RASTER_I, RASTER_O, false, None),
+    c!(
+        "gltf_standard_double_sided",
+        1,
+        Render,
+        RASTER_I,
+        RASTER_O,
+        false,
+        None
+    ),
     c!(
         "and",
         2,
diff --git a/renderer/src/render_graph/mod.rs b/renderer/src/render_graph/mod.rs
index a323b19..de30f26 100644
--- a/renderer/src/render_graph/mod.rs
+++ b/renderer/src/render_graph/mod.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 //! Device-free render graph compiler and compiled graph registry.
 
 mod compiler;
+pub(crate) use compiler::execution_attachments;
 mod contracts;
 mod expression;
 mod plan;
diff --git a/renderer/src/render_graph/plan.rs b/renderer/src/render_graph/plan.rs
index 44e8f10..03749b6 100644
--- a/renderer/src/render_graph/plan.rs
+++ b/renderer/src/render_graph/plan.rs
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ pub struct CompiledGraph {
     pub node_count: u32,
     pub resources: Vec<CompiledResource>,
     pub executions: Vec<CompiledExecution>,
+    pub render_passes: Vec<PhysicalRenderPass>,
     pub texture_families: Vec<TextureFamily>,
     pub allocation_classes: Vec<AllocationClass>,
     pub culled_node_count: u32,
@@ -108,16 +109,29 @@ pub struct CompiledSocketOutput {
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "snake_case")]
 pub enum ExecutionKind {
-    Render {
+    RasterDraw,
+    Fullscreen,
+    FrameOut { color: u32 },
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct PhysicalRenderPass {
+    pub executions: Vec<u32>,
+    pub kind: PhysicalRenderPassKind,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize)]
+#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub enum PhysicalRenderPassKind {
+    Texture {
         color_attachments: Vec<ColorAttachmentPlan>,
         depth_stencil: Option<DepthStencilAttachmentPlan>,
     },
-    FrameOut {
-        color: u32,
-    },
+    Surface,
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct ColorAttachmentPlan {
     pub resource: u32,
@@ -127,7 +141,7 @@ pub struct ColorAttachmentPlan {
     pub store: StoreOp,
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct DepthStencilAttachmentPlan {
     pub resource: u32,
@@ -206,8 +220,8 @@ pub enum NormalizedParameters {
     ExpressionDefaults {
         defaults: Vec<TypedLiteral>,
     },
-    Pipeline {
-        pipeline: String,
+    Raster {
+        draw_order: i32,
         depth_compare: CompareFunction,
         depth_write_enabled: bool,
         clear_depth: f32,
@@ -472,6 +486,6 @@ pub enum TextureUsage {
 
 impl CompiledGraph {
     pub fn summary(&self, id: [u32; 2]) -> serde_json::Value {
-        serde_json::json!({"compiledId":id,"graphId":self.graph_id,"revision":self.revision,"schemaVersion":self.schema_version,"nodeCount":self.node_count,"executionCount":self.executions.len(),"resourceCount":self.resources.len(),"culledNodeCount":self.culled_node_count,"culledResourceCount":self.culled_resource_count,"transientSlotCount":self.transient_slot_count})
+        serde_json::json!({"compiledId":id,"graphId":self.graph_id,"revision":self.revision,"schemaVersion":self.schema_version,"nodeCount":self.node_count,"executionCount":self.executions.len(),"physicalPassCount":self.render_passes.len(),"resourceCount":self.resources.len(),"culledNodeCount":self.culled_node_count,"culledResourceCount":self.culled_resource_count,"transientSlotCount":self.transient_slot_count})
     }
 }
diff --git a/renderer/src/render_graph/runtime.rs b/renderer/src/render_graph/runtime.rs
index eb8bf0b..98f8bdf 100644
--- a/renderer/src/render_graph/runtime.rs
+++ b/renderer/src/render_graph/runtime.rs
@@ -182,6 +182,7 @@ pub struct RuntimeAllocationPlan {
 pub struct RuntimePlan {
     pub allocations: RuntimeAllocationPlan,
     pub executions: Vec<RuntimeExecution>,
+    pub render_passes: Vec<PhysicalRenderPass>,
     pub instance_traversal: Option<InstanceTraversalPlan>,
     pub surface: RuntimeSurfaceContract,
 }
@@ -365,17 +366,9 @@ fn invalid(message: impl Into<String>, path: impl Into<String>) -> GraphError {
     error("GRAPH_RUNTIME_PLAN_INVALID", message, path)
 }
 
-fn valid_pipeline_name(name: &str) -> bool {
-    !name.is_empty()
-        && name.len() <= 64
-        && name.bytes().enumerate().all(|(i, byte)| {
-            byte == b'_' || byte.is_ascii_alphanumeric() && (i > 0 || byte.is_ascii_alphabetic())
-        })
-}
-
 fn execution_supported(key: &str) -> bool {
     contract(key).is_some_and(|contract| {
-        contract.fullscreen_policy.is_some() || matches!(key, "pipeline" | "frame_out")
+        contract.fullscreen_policy.is_some() || contract.is_raster_draw() || key == "frame_out"
     })
 }
 
@@ -524,13 +517,13 @@ fn validate_fullscreen_execution(
     if output.socket != "color" {
         return Err(invalid("fullscreen outputs mismatch", path("outputs")));
     }
-    let ExecutionKind::Render {
-        color_attachments,
-        depth_stencil: None,
-    } = &execution.kind
-    else {
+    if !matches!(execution.kind, ExecutionKind::Fullscreen) {
         return Err(invalid("fullscreen render kind mismatch", path("kind")));
-    };
+    }
+    let (color_attachments, depth_stencil) = super::compiler::execution_attachments(execution);
+    if depth_stencil.is_some() {
+        return Err(invalid("fullscreen depth mismatch", path("kind")));
+    }
     let [attachment] = color_attachments.as_slice() else {
         return Err(invalid("fullscreen attachment mismatch", path("kind")));
     };
@@ -749,7 +742,7 @@ fn validate_pipeline_resolve(
             .filter(|access| matches!(access.mode, AccessMode::ColorResolve { .. }))
             .count()
             == 1;
-    if producer.executor.key != "pipeline"
+    if !contract(&producer.executor.key).is_some_and(Contract::is_raster_draw)
         || producer.original_node_index != *producer_node_index
         || !exact_output
         || !matches!(&source.origin,
@@ -808,6 +801,123 @@ fn validate_canonical_plan(graph: &CompiledGraph) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
             "schemaVersion",
         ));
     }
+    let mut expected_execution = 0usize;
+    for (pass_index, pass) in graph.render_passes.iter().enumerate() {
+        if pass.executions.is_empty() {
+            return Err(invalid(
+                "physical pass is empty",
+                format!("renderPasses[{pass_index}]"),
+            ));
+        }
+        for &member in &pass.executions {
+            if member as usize != expected_execution || expected_execution >= graph.executions.len()
+            {
+                return Err(invalid(
+                    "physical passes must partition logical executions in order",
+                    format!("renderPasses[{pass_index}].executions"),
+                ));
+            }
+            expected_execution += 1;
+        }
+        let singleton = pass.executions.len() == 1;
+        let kinds_valid = match &pass.kind {
+            PhysicalRenderPassKind::Surface => {
+                singleton
+                    && matches!(
+                        graph.executions[pass.executions[0] as usize].kind,
+                        ExecutionKind::FrameOut { .. }
+                    )
+            }
+            PhysicalRenderPassKind::Texture {
+                color_attachments,
+                depth_stencil,
+            } => {
+                pass.executions.iter().all(|&member| {
+                    !matches!(
+                        graph.executions[member as usize].kind,
+                        ExecutionKind::FrameOut { .. }
+                    )
+                }) && (singleton
+                    || pass.executions.iter().all(|&member| {
+                        matches!(
+                            graph.executions[member as usize].kind,
+                            ExecutionKind::RasterDraw
+                        )
+                    }))
+                    && color_attachments.iter().all(|attachment| {
+                        (attachment.resource as usize) < graph.resources.len()
+                            && attachment
+                                .resolve_target
+                                .is_none_or(|resource| (resource as usize) < graph.resources.len())
+                    })
+                    && depth_stencil.as_ref().is_none_or(|attachment| {
+                        (attachment.resource as usize) < graph.resources.len()
+                    })
+            }
+        };
+        if !kinds_valid {
+            return Err(invalid(
+                "physical pass kind or attachment is invalid",
+                format!("renderPasses[{pass_index}]"),
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+    if expected_execution != graph.executions.len() {
+        return Err(invalid(
+            "physical passes omit logical executions",
+            "renderPasses",
+        ));
+    }
+    for (resource_index, resource) in graph.resources.iter().enumerate() {
+        if let ResourcePlan::Texture { family, .. } | ResourcePlan::TextureSource { family, .. } =
+            resource.plan
+        {
+            if family as usize >= graph.texture_families.len() {
+                return Err(invalid(
+                    "texture family is out of bounds",
+                    format!("resources[{resource_index}].plan.family"),
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    let canonical_passes = super::compiler::build_render_passes(
+        &graph.executions,
+        &graph.resources,
+        &graph.texture_families,
+    );
+    if graph.render_passes != canonical_passes {
+        return Err(invalid(
+            "physical render pass plan is not canonical",
+            "renderPasses",
+        ));
+    }
+    for (pass_index, pass) in graph.render_passes.iter().enumerate() {
+        if !matches!(pass.kind, PhysicalRenderPassKind::Texture { .. }) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let mut previous = None;
+        for &member in &pass.executions {
+            let execution = &graph.executions[member as usize];
+            let NormalizedParameters::Raster { draw_order, .. } = &execution.parameters else {
+                previous = None;
+                continue;
+            };
+            let key = (*draw_order, execution.original_node_index);
+            if previous.is_some_and(|value| value > key) {
+                return Err(invalid(
+                    "raster pass members are not in canonical draw order",
+                    format!("renderPasses[{pass_index}].executions"),
+                ));
+            }
+            previous = Some(key);
+        }
+    }
+    let execution_pass: Vec<u32> = graph
+        .render_passes
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .flat_map(|(pass, value)| value.executions.iter().map(move |_| pass as u32))
+        .collect();
 
     let mut producers = vec![None; graph.resources.len()];
     let mut uses = vec![BTreeSet::new(); graph.resources.len()];
@@ -878,7 +988,7 @@ fn validate_canonical_plan(graph: &CompiledGraph) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
                         format!("executions[{i}]"),
                     )
                 })?
-                .insert(i as u32);
+                .insert(execution_pass[i]);
         }
     }
     for (ri, resource) in graph.resources.iter().enumerate() {
@@ -910,6 +1020,52 @@ fn validate_canonical_plan(graph: &CompiledGraph) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
                         format!("executions[{i}].inputs"),
                     ));
                 }
+                let consumer_contract =
+                    contract(&execution.executor.key).expect("supported executor has contract");
+                let is_attachment = consumer_contract
+                    .inputs
+                    .iter()
+                    .find(|candidate| candidate.name == input.socket)
+                    .is_some_and(|candidate| {
+                        matches!(
+                            candidate.role,
+                            InputRole::ColorTarget { .. } | InputRole::DepthTarget
+                        )
+                    });
+                let predecessor = &graph.executions[producer as usize];
+                if is_attachment
+                    && matches!(execution.kind, ExecutionKind::RasterDraw)
+                    && matches!(predecessor.kind, ExecutionKind::RasterDraw)
+                {
+                    let NormalizedParameters::Raster {
+                        draw_order: predecessor_order,
+                        ..
+                    } = predecessor.parameters
+                    else {
+                        return Err(invalid(
+                            "raster predecessor parameters mismatch",
+                            format!("executions[{producer}].parameters"),
+                        ));
+                    };
+                    let NormalizedParameters::Raster {
+                        draw_order: consumer_order,
+                        ..
+                    } = execution.parameters
+                    else {
+                        return Err(invalid(
+                            "raster execution parameters mismatch",
+                            format!("executions[{i}].parameters"),
+                        ));
+                    };
+                    if (predecessor_order, predecessor.original_node_index)
+                        > (consumer_order, execution.original_node_index)
+                    {
+                        return Err(invalid(
+                            "raster attachment predecessors must have canonical draw order",
+                            format!("executions[{i}].parameters.drawOrder"),
+                        ));
+                    }
+                }
             }
         }
     }
@@ -1004,8 +1160,9 @@ fn validate_canonical_plan(graph: &CompiledGraph) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
                             .count()
                             == 1
                     })
-                    && owner_executions[0].executor.key == "pipeline"
-                    && owner_executions[0].executor.version == 4
+                    && contract(&owner_executions[0].executor.key)
+                        .is_some_and(Contract::is_raster_draw)
+                    && owner_executions[0].executor.version == 1
                     && graph
                         .executions
                         .iter()
@@ -1013,7 +1170,7 @@ fn validate_canonical_plan(graph: &CompiledGraph) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
                         .filter(|input| input.resource == source)
                         .count()
                         == 1
-                    && contract("pipeline")
+                    && contract(&owner_executions[0].executor.key)
                         .and_then(|contract| contract.inputs.get(*input_ordinal as usize))
                         .is_some_and(|input| {
                             input.name == *socket
@@ -1242,7 +1399,11 @@ fn validate_instance_traversal(graph: &CompiledGraph) -> Result<(), GraphError>
         .executions
         .iter()
         .enumerate()
-        .filter_map(|(i, e)| (e.executor.key == "pipeline").then_some(i as u32))
+        .filter_map(|(i, e)| {
+            contract(&e.executor.key)
+                .is_some_and(Contract::is_raster_draw)
+                .then_some(i as u32)
+        })
         .collect();
     let Some(plan) = &graph.instance_traversal else {
         return if pipeline_indices.is_empty() {
@@ -1552,7 +1713,7 @@ pub fn prepare_runtime_plan(
     for (i, execution) in graph.executions.iter().enumerate() {
         let path = format!("executions[{i}]");
         match execution.executor.key.as_str() {
-            "pipeline" => {}
+            key if contract(key).is_some_and(Contract::is_raster_draw) => {}
             _ if contract(&execution.executor.key)
                 .is_some_and(|contract| contract.fullscreen_policy.is_some()) => {}
             "frame_out" => {
@@ -1587,11 +1748,11 @@ pub fn prepare_runtime_plan(
     validate_instance_traversal(graph)?;
 
     for (i, execution) in graph.executions.iter().enumerate() {
-        if execution.executor.key != "pipeline" {
+        if !contract(&execution.executor.key).is_some_and(Contract::is_raster_draw) {
             continue;
         }
-        let NormalizedParameters::Pipeline {
-            pipeline,
+        let NormalizedParameters::Raster {
+            draw_order: _,
             clear_depth,
             clear_color,
             ..
@@ -1602,8 +1763,7 @@ pub fn prepare_runtime_plan(
                 format!("executions[{i}].parameters"),
             ));
         };
-        if !valid_pipeline_name(pipeline)
-            || !clear_depth.is_finite()
+        if !clear_depth.is_finite()
             || !(0.0..=1.0).contains(clear_depth)
             || clear_color.iter().any(|value| !value.is_finite())
         {
@@ -1612,15 +1772,18 @@ pub fn prepare_runtime_plan(
                 format!("executions[{i}].parameters"),
             ));
         }
-        let ExecutionKind::Render {
-            color_attachments,
-            depth_stencil: Some(depth_attachment),
-        } = &execution.kind
-        else {
+        if !matches!(execution.kind, ExecutionKind::RasterDraw) {
             return Err(invalid(
                 "pipeline render kind mismatch",
                 format!("executions[{i}].kind"),
             ));
+        }
+        let (color_attachments, depth_stencil) = super::compiler::execution_attachments(execution);
+        let Some(depth_attachment) = depth_stencil.as_ref() else {
+            return Err(invalid(
+                "pipeline depth attachment missing",
+                format!("executions[{i}].kind"),
+            ));
         };
         let [color_attachment] = color_attachments.as_slice() else {
             return Err(invalid(
@@ -2307,6 +2470,7 @@ pub fn prepare_runtime_plan(
             resource_allocations,
         },
         executions,
+        render_passes: graph.render_passes.clone(),
         instance_traversal: graph.instance_traversal.clone(),
         surface,
     })
diff --git a/renderer/src/render_graph/tests.rs b/renderer/src/render_graph/tests.rs
index c0b1fd0..669c6b3 100644
--- a/renderer/src/render_graph/tests.rs
+++ b/renderer/src/render_graph/tests.rs
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ pub(crate) fn full_cull_graph() -> Value {
         node("visible", "not", 1, json!({"operandDefault":false}), json!({"operand":input("cull","isFrustumCulled")})),
         node("class", "and", 2, json!({}),
             json!({"inputs":[input("bits","bit0")[0].clone(),input("visible","value")[0].clone()]})),
-        node("pipeline", "pipeline", 4,
-            json!({"pipeline":"gltf_standard","depthCompare":"less_equal","depthWriteEnabled":true,"clearDepth":1.0,"clearColor":[0,0,0,1],"predicateDefault":true}),
+        node("pipeline", "gltf_standard", 1,
+            json!({"drawOrder":0,"depthCompare":"less_equal","depthWriteEnabled":true,"clearDepth":1.0,"clearColor":[0,0,0,1],"predicateDefault":true}),
             json!({"mesh":input("mesh","mesh"),"predicate":input("class","value"),"colorTarget":input("color","texture"),"depthTarget":input("depth","texture")})),
         node("frame", "frame_out", 3,
             json!({"surfaceFormat":"preferred","hdrEnabled":true,"toneMapper":"aces","exposureStops":0,
@@ -62,7 +62,16 @@ pub(crate) fn full_cull_graph() -> Value {
 #[test]
 fn catalog_exposes_final_mesh_pipeline_and_generic_expression_contracts() {
     assert_eq!(contract("mesh").unwrap().version, 2);
-    assert_eq!(contract("pipeline").unwrap().version, 4);
+    assert!(contract("pipeline").is_none());
+    for key in [
+        "ground_plane",
+        "gltf_standard",
+        "gltf_standard_double_sided",
+    ] {
+        let contract = contract(key).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(contract.version, 1);
+        assert!(contract.is_raster_draw());
+    }
     assert_eq!(
         contract("mesh")
             .unwrap()
@@ -76,7 +85,7 @@ fn catalog_exposes_final_mesh_pipeline_and_generic_expression_contracts() {
             ("localAabb", SemanticType::LocalAabb)
         ]
     );
-    let predicate = contract("pipeline")
+    let predicate = contract("gltf_standard")
         .unwrap()
         .inputs
         .iter()
@@ -348,7 +357,7 @@ fn pipeline_predicate_defaults_true_and_expression_edges_are_validated() {
         .unwrap();
     assert!(matches!(
         pipeline.parameters,
-        NormalizedParameters::Pipeline {
+        NormalizedParameters::Raster {
             predicate_default: true,
             ..
         }
@@ -359,6 +368,93 @@ fn pipeline_predicate_defaults_true_and_expression_edges_are_validated() {
     assert_eq!(compile_value(cycle).unwrap_err().code, "GRAPH_CYCLE");
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn raster_executors_preserve_identity_and_signed_draw_order() {
+    for (key, draw_order) in [
+        ("ground_plane", i32::MIN),
+        ("gltf_standard", 0),
+        ("gltf_standard_double_sided", i32::MAX),
+    ] {
+        let mut graph = full_cull_graph();
+        graph["nodes"][8]["executor"] = json!({"key":key,"version":1});
+        graph["nodes"][8]["parameters"]["drawOrder"] = json!(draw_order);
+        let compiled = compile_value(graph).unwrap();
+        let execution = compiled
+            .executions
+            .iter()
+            .find(|e| e.id == "pipeline")
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(execution.executor.key, key);
+        assert_eq!(execution.executor.version, 1);
+        assert!(matches!(
+            execution.parameters,
+            NormalizedParameters::Raster { draw_order: value, .. } if value == draw_order
+        ));
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn raster_executors_reject_removed_pipeline_parameter() {
+    let mut graph = full_cull_graph();
+    graph["nodes"][8]["parameters"]["pipeline"] = json!("gltf_standard");
+    let error = compile_value(graph).unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(error.code, "GRAPH_PARAMETERS_INVALID");
+    assert_eq!(error.details["path"], "nodes[8].parameters");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn removed_generic_pipeline_executor_is_unknown() {
+    let mut graph = full_cull_graph();
+    graph["nodes"][8]["executor"] = json!({"key":"pipeline","version":4});
+    let error = compile_value(graph).unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(error.code, "GRAPH_UNKNOWN_EXECUTOR");
+    assert_eq!(error.details["path"], "nodes[8].executor.key");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sibling_raster_writers_form_one_ordered_physical_pass() {
+    let mut graph = full_cull_graph();
+    let nodes = graph["nodes"].as_array_mut().unwrap();
+    nodes.insert(
+        9,
+        node(
+            "sibling",
+            "ground_plane",
+            1,
+            json!({"drawOrder":1,"depthCompare":"less_equal","depthWriteEnabled":true,"clearDepth":1.0,"clearColor":[0,0,0,1],"predicateDefault":true}),
+            json!({"mesh":input("mesh","mesh"),"colorTarget":input("color","texture"),"depthTarget":input("depth","texture")}),
+        ),
+    );
+    nodes.insert(10, texture("composite", "rgba16_float"));
+    nodes.insert(
+        11,
+        node(
+            "combine",
+            "bloom_composite",
+            1,
+            json!({"intensity":1.0}),
+            json!({"source":input("pipeline","color"),"bloom":input("sibling","color"),"colorTarget":input("composite","texture")}),
+        ),
+    );
+    nodes[12]["inputs"]["color"] = input("combine", "color");
+    let compiled = compile_value(graph).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        compiled
+            .executions
+            .iter()
+            .map(|execution| execution.id.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["pipeline", "sibling", "combine", "frame"]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(compiled.render_passes[0].executions, [0, 1]);
+    assert!(matches!(
+        compiled.render_passes[0].kind,
+        PhysicalRenderPassKind::Texture { .. }
+    ));
+    assert_eq!(compiled.texture_families[0].versions.len(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(compiled.texture_families[1].versions.len(), 2);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn expression_provenance_rejects_cross_mesh_values() {
     let mut graph = full_cull_graph();
@@ -375,11 +471,11 @@ fn expression_provenance_rejects_cross_mesh_values() {
 fn implicit_pipeline_graph() -> Value {
     json!({ "schemaVersion": 3, "graphId": "implicit", "revision": 1, "nodes": [
         node("mesh", "mesh", 2, json!({}), json!({})),
-        node("first", "pipeline", 4,
-            json!({"pipeline":"ground_plane","depthCompare":"less_equal","depthWriteEnabled":true,"clearDepth":1.0,"clearColor":[0,0,0,1],"predicateDefault":true}),
+        node("first", "ground_plane", 1,
+            json!({"drawOrder":0,"depthCompare":"less_equal","depthWriteEnabled":true,"clearDepth":1.0,"clearColor":[0,0,0,1],"predicateDefault":true}),
             json!({"mesh":input("mesh","mesh")})),
-        node("second", "pipeline", 4,
-            json!({"pipeline":"gltf_standard","depthCompare":"less_equal","depthWriteEnabled":true,"clearDepth":1.0,"clearColor":[0,0,0,1],"predicateDefault":true}),
+        node("second", "gltf_standard", 1,
+            json!({"drawOrder":1,"depthCompare":"less_equal","depthWriteEnabled":true,"clearDepth":1.0,"clearColor":[0,0,0,1],"predicateDefault":true}),
             json!({"mesh":input("mesh","mesh"),"colorTarget":input("first","color"),"depthTarget":input("first","depth")})),
         node("frame", "frame_out", 3,
             json!({"surfaceFormat":"preferred","hdrEnabled":true,"toneMapper":"aces","exposureStops":0,"outputTransfer":"srgb","scaleMode":"stretch","filter":"linear","backgroundColor":[0,0,0,1]}),
@@ -387,10 +483,294 @@ fn implicit_pipeline_graph() -> Value {
     ]})
 }
 
+fn three_raster_graph() -> Value {
+    let mut graph = full_cull_graph();
+    let nodes = graph["nodes"].as_array_mut().unwrap();
+    nodes[8]["executor"] = json!({"key":"ground_plane","version":1});
+    nodes[8]["parameters"]["drawOrder"] = json!(20);
+    nodes.insert(
+        9,
+        node(
+            "standard",
+            "gltf_standard",
+            1,
+            json!({"drawOrder":10,"depthCompare":"less_equal","depthWriteEnabled":true,"clearDepth":1.0,"clearColor":[1,0,0,1],"predicateDefault":true}),
+            json!({"mesh":input("mesh","mesh"),"colorTarget":input("pipeline","color"),"depthTarget":input("pipeline","depth")}),
+        ),
+    );
+    nodes.insert(
+        10,
+        node(
+            "double",
+            "gltf_standard_double_sided",
+            1,
+            json!({"drawOrder":0,"depthCompare":"less_equal","depthWriteEnabled":true,"clearDepth":0.5,"clearColor":[0,1,0,1],"predicateDefault":true}),
+            json!({"mesh":input("mesh","mesh"),"colorTarget":input("standard","color"),"depthTarget":input("standard","depth")}),
+        ),
+    );
+    nodes[11]["inputs"]["color"] = input("double", "color");
+    graph
+}
+
+fn direct_raster_graph(frame_source: &str) -> Value {
+    let mut graph = three_raster_graph();
+    for node in [8, 9, 10] {
+        graph["nodes"][node]["inputs"]["colorTarget"] = input("color", "texture");
+        graph["nodes"][node]["inputs"]["depthTarget"] = input("depth", "texture");
+    }
+    graph["nodes"][11]["inputs"]["color"] = input(frame_source, "color");
+    graph
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn direct_raster_outputs_all_observe_the_terminal_cohort() {
+    let mut terminal = None;
+    for source in ["pipeline", "standard", "double"] {
+        let graph = compile_value(direct_raster_graph(source)).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            graph
+                .executions
+                .iter()
+                .map(|execution| execution.id.as_str())
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            ["double", "standard", "pipeline", "frame"]
+        );
+        assert_eq!(graph.render_passes[0].executions, [0, 1, 2]);
+        let frame_color = match graph.executions[3].kind {
+            ExecutionKind::FrameOut { color } => color,
+            _ => panic!("expected frame output"),
+        };
+        assert_eq!(*terminal.get_or_insert(frame_color), frame_color);
+        let producers: Vec<_> = graph.executions[..3]
+            .iter()
+            .flat_map(|execution| execution.outputs.iter().map(|output| output.resource))
+            .collect();
+        assert_eq!(
+            producers
+                .iter()
+                .collect::<std::collections::BTreeSet<_>>()
+                .len(),
+            6
+        );
+        assert!(validate_activatable(&graph).is_ok());
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn equal_draw_order_uses_authored_node_order() {
+    let mut value = direct_raster_graph("pipeline");
+    for node in [8, 9, 10] {
+        value["nodes"][node]["parameters"]["drawOrder"] = json!(7);
+    }
+    let graph = compile_value(value).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        graph.executions[..3]
+            .iter()
+            .map(|execution| execution.id.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["pipeline", "standard", "double"]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(graph.render_passes[0].executions, [0, 1, 2]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn dead_fullscreen_attachment_writer_of_observed_raster_output_stays_dead() {
+    let mut value = direct_raster_graph("pipeline");
+    value["nodes"].as_array_mut().unwrap().insert(
+        11,
+        node(
+            "dead_writer",
+            "fullscreen_copy",
+            1,
+            json!({}),
+            json!({
+                "source": input("color", "texture"),
+                "colorTarget": input("pipeline", "color")
+            }),
+        ),
+    );
+
+    let graph = compile_value(value).unwrap();
+    assert!(!graph
+        .executions
+        .iter()
+        .any(|execution| execution.id == "dead_writer"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn dead_cyclic_fullscreen_reader_does_not_become_live_through_war() {
+    let mut value = direct_raster_graph("pipeline");
+    value["nodes"].as_array_mut().unwrap().insert(
+        11,
+        node(
+            "dead_reader",
+            "fullscreen_copy",
+            1,
+            json!({}),
+            json!({
+                "source": input("pipeline", "color"),
+                "colorTarget": input("dead_reader", "color")
+            }),
+        ),
+    );
+
+    let graph = compile_value(value).unwrap();
+    assert!(!graph
+        .executions
+        .iter()
+        .any(|execution| execution.id == "dead_reader"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn explicit_raster_chain_compiles_to_one_physical_pass() {
+    let graph = compile_value(three_raster_graph()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(graph.executions.len(), 4);
+    assert!(graph.executions[..3]
+        .iter()
+        .all(|execution| matches!(execution.kind, ExecutionKind::RasterDraw)));
+    assert_eq!(graph.render_passes.len(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(graph.render_passes[0].executions, [0, 1, 2]);
+    assert_eq!(graph.render_passes[1].executions, [3]);
+    let PhysicalRenderPassKind::Texture {
+        color_attachments,
+        depth_stencil: Some(depth),
+    } = &graph.render_passes[0].kind
+    else {
+        panic!("expected raster pass")
+    };
+    let first = execution_attachments(&graph.executions[0]);
+    let final_attachments = execution_attachments(&graph.executions[2]);
+    assert_eq!(color_attachments[0].load, first.0[0].load);
+    assert_eq!(
+        color_attachments[0].resource,
+        final_attachments.0[0].resource
+    );
+    assert_eq!(color_attachments[0].store, final_attachments.0[0].store);
+    assert_eq!(
+        depth.resource,
+        final_attachments.1.as_ref().unwrap().resource
+    );
+    assert_eq!(depth.store, final_attachments.1.as_ref().unwrap().store);
+    for execution in &graph.executions[1..3] {
+        let (color, depth) = execution_attachments(execution);
+        assert_eq!(color[0].load, NormalizedColorLoad::Load);
+        assert_eq!(depth.unwrap().load, NormalizedDepthLoad::Load);
+    }
+    for socket in ["color", "depth"] {
+        let resources: Vec<_> = graph.executions[..3]
+            .iter()
+            .map(|execution| {
+                execution
+                    .outputs
+                    .iter()
+                    .find(|output| output.socket == socket)
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .resource
+            })
+            .collect();
+        let family = |resource| match graph.resources[resource as usize].plan {
+            ResourcePlan::Texture { family, .. } => family,
+            _ => panic!("expected texture version"),
+        };
+        let allocation = |resource| match graph.resources[resource as usize].plan {
+            ResourcePlan::Texture { allocation, .. } => allocation,
+            _ => panic!("expected texture version"),
+        };
+        assert!(resources
+            .iter()
+            .all(|&resource| family(resource) == family(resources[0])));
+        assert!(resources
+            .iter()
+            .all(|&resource| allocation(resource) == allocation(resources[0])));
+        assert!(resources[..2]
+            .iter()
+            .all(|&resource| graph.resources[resource as usize].lifetime
+                == Some(Lifetime {
+                    first_use: 0,
+                    last_use: 0
+                })));
+    }
+    let traversal = graph.instance_traversal.as_ref().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        traversal
+            .pipelines
+            .iter()
+            .map(|pipeline| (pipeline.execution, pipeline.ordinal))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        [(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2)]
+    );
+    assert!(validate_activatable(&graph).is_ok());
+    assert_eq!(
+        serde_json::to_value(&graph).unwrap(),
+        serde_json::to_value(compile_value(three_raster_graph()).unwrap()).unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn final_msaa_resolve_stays_on_merged_raster_boundary() {
+    let mut value = three_raster_graph();
+    set_sample_count(&mut value["nodes"][0], 4);
+    set_sample_count(&mut value["nodes"][1], 4);
+    let graph = compile_value(value).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(graph.render_passes[0].executions, [0, 1, 2]);
+    let PhysicalRenderPassKind::Texture {
+        color_attachments, ..
+    } = &graph.render_passes[0].kind
+    else {
+        panic!("expected texture pass")
+    };
+    assert!(color_attachments[0].resolve_target.is_some());
+    assert!(execution_attachments(&graph.executions[0]).0[0]
+        .resolve_target
+        .is_none());
+    assert!(execution_attachments(&graph.executions[1]).0[0]
+        .resolve_target
+        .is_none());
+    assert!(validate_activatable(&graph).is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn runtime_rejects_noncanonical_physical_passes() {
+    let graph = compile_value(three_raster_graph()).unwrap();
+    for mutate in [
+        |graph: &mut CompiledGraph| {
+            graph.render_passes[0].executions.pop();
+        },
+        |graph: &mut CompiledGraph| {
+            graph.render_passes[0].executions.push(1);
+        },
+        |graph: &mut CompiledGraph| {
+            graph.render_passes[0].executions.swap(0, 1);
+        },
+    ] {
+        let mut invalid = graph.clone();
+        mutate(&mut invalid);
+        assert_runtime_plan_invalid(&invalid);
+    }
+    let mut wrong_resource = graph.clone();
+    let first_color = execution_attachments(&wrong_resource.executions[0]).0[0].resource;
+    let PhysicalRenderPassKind::Texture {
+        color_attachments, ..
+    } = &mut wrong_resource.render_passes[0].kind
+    else {
+        panic!()
+    };
+    color_attachments[0].resource = first_color;
+    assert_runtime_plan_invalid(&wrong_resource);
+
+    let mut wrong_lifetime = graph;
+    let intermediate = wrong_lifetime.executions[1].outputs[0].resource;
+    wrong_lifetime.resources[intermediate as usize].lifetime = Some(Lifetime {
+        first_use: 1,
+        last_use: 1,
+    });
+    assert_runtime_plan_invalid(&wrong_lifetime);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn contract_v4_declares_strict_default_policies() {
-    let pipeline = contract("pipeline").unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(pipeline.version, 4);
+    let pipeline = contract("gltf_standard").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(pipeline.version, 1);
     assert_eq!(pipeline.inputs[0].default_policy, InputDefaultPolicy::None);
     assert_eq!(
         pipeline.inputs[1].default_policy,
@@ -445,13 +825,9 @@ fn disconnected_targets_have_tagged_roots_and_clear_version_zero() {
         .iter()
         .find(|e| e.id == "first")
         .unwrap();
-    let ExecutionKind::Render {
-        color_attachments,
-        depth_stencil: Some(depth),
-    } = &first.kind
-    else {
-        panic!()
-    };
+    assert!(matches!(first.kind, ExecutionKind::RasterDraw));
+    let (color_attachments, depth_stencil) = execution_attachments(first);
+    let depth = depth_stencil.unwrap();
     assert!(matches!(
         color_attachments[0].load,
         NormalizedColorLoad::Clear { .. }
@@ -468,13 +844,9 @@ fn implicit_chain_is_deterministic_and_loads_successors() {
         serde_json::to_value(&b).unwrap()
     );
     let second = a.executions.iter().find(|e| e.id == "second").unwrap();
-    let ExecutionKind::Render {
-        color_attachments,
-        depth_stencil: Some(depth),
-    } = &second.kind
-    else {
-        panic!()
-    };
+    assert!(matches!(second.kind, ExecutionKind::RasterDraw));
+    let (color_attachments, depth_stencil) = execution_attachments(second);
+    let depth = depth_stencil.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(color_attachments[0].load, NormalizedColorLoad::Load);
     assert_eq!(depth.load, NormalizedDepthLoad::Load);
 }
@@ -586,7 +958,8 @@ fn descriptor_dependency_cycle_keeps_graph_cycle_priority() {
         .as_object_mut()
         .unwrap()
         .remove("depthTarget");
-    assert_eq!(compile_value(graph).unwrap_err().code, "GRAPH_CYCLE");
+    // The backwards authored attachment is normalized by draw order.
+    assert!(compile_value(graph).is_ok());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -595,8 +968,8 @@ fn known_attachment_error_precedes_cycle() {
     graph["nodes"][0]["parameters"]["texture"]["format"] = json!("depth32_float");
     graph["nodes"][8]["inputs"]["depthTarget"] = input("pipeline", "depth");
     let error = compile_value(graph).unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(error.code, "GRAPH_ILLEGAL_ACCESS");
-    assert_eq!(error.details["path"], "nodes[8].inputs.colorTarget");
+    assert_eq!(error.code, "GRAPH_ATTACHMENT_LINEAGE_INVALID");
+    assert_eq!(error.details["path"], "nodes[8].inputs");
 }
 
 fn self_targeting_copy(source_format: &str) -> Value {
@@ -633,6 +1006,57 @@ fn known_invalid_fullscreen_source_precedes_target_cycle() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn fullscreen_output_is_a_valid_raster_attachment_root() {
+    let mut graph = full_cull_graph();
+    let nodes = graph["nodes"].as_array_mut().unwrap();
+    nodes.insert(9, texture("copy_target", "rgba16_float"));
+    nodes.insert(
+        10,
+        node(
+            "copy",
+            "fullscreen_copy",
+            1,
+            json!({}),
+            json!({
+                "source": input("pipeline", "color"),
+                "colorTarget": input("copy_target", "texture")
+            }),
+        ),
+    );
+    nodes.insert(
+        11,
+        node(
+            "later",
+            "ground_plane",
+            1,
+            json!({"drawOrder":1,"depthCompare":"less_equal","depthWriteEnabled":true,"clearDepth":1.0,"clearColor":[0,0,0,1],"predicateDefault":true}),
+            json!({
+                "mesh": input("mesh", "mesh"),
+                "colorTarget": input("copy", "color"),
+                "depthTarget": input("pipeline", "depth")
+            }),
+        ),
+    );
+    nodes[12]["inputs"]["color"] = input("later", "color");
+
+    let compiled = compile_value(graph).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        compiled
+            .executions
+            .iter()
+            .map(|execution| execution.id.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        ["pipeline", "copy", "later", "frame"]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(compiled.render_passes.len(), 4);
+    assert!(compiled
+        .render_passes
+        .iter()
+        .all(|pass| pass.executions.len() == 1));
+    assert!(validate_activatable(&compiled).is_ok());
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn known_invalid_fullscreen_target_precedes_source_cycle() {
     let mut graph = implicit_pipeline_graph();
diff --git a/renderer/src/renderer/executors/pipeline.rs b/renderer/src/renderer/executors/pipeline.rs
index 6acfadb..9482030 100644
--- a/renderer/src/renderer/executors/pipeline.rs
+++ b/renderer/src/renderer/executors/pipeline.rs
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ pub(crate) fn encode_compiled<T: Scene>(
     indirect_commands: &wgpu::Buffer,
     mut profile: Option<&mut crate::renderer::profiler::ProfileFrame>,
 ) -> Result<(), &'static str> {
-    use crate::render_graph::{ExecutionKind, NormalizedColorLoad, NormalizedDepthLoad, StoreOp};
+    use crate::render_graph::{NormalizedColorLoad, NormalizedDepthLoad, StoreOp};
     let view = |resource: u32| -> Result<&wgpu::TextureView, &'static str> {
         let a = active
             .runtime
@@ -71,176 +71,163 @@ pub(crate) fn encode_compiled<T: Scene>(
             .map(|s| &s.view)
             .ok_or(" allocation out of bounds")
     };
-    for prepared in &active.executions {
-        match prepared {
-            PreparedExecution::Fullscreen {
-                execution,
-                frame_out,
-                bind_group,
-                pipeline,
-                ..
-            } => {
-                let execution = active
+    for physical in &active.runtime.render_passes {
+        let first = *physical.executions.first().ok_or("empty physical pass")? as usize;
+        let last = *physical.executions.last().ok_or("empty physical pass")? as usize;
+        let label = if first == last {
+            active
+                .graph
+                .executions
+                .get(first)
+                .ok_or("execution out of bounds")?
+                .id
+                .clone()
+        } else {
+            format!(
+                "{}..{}",
+                active
                     .graph
                     .executions
-                    .get(*execution)
-                    .ok_or(" execution out of bounds")?;
-                let (target, operations) = if *frame_out {
-                    let ExecutionKind::FrameOut { .. } = execution.kind else {
-                        return Err("frame_out kind mismatch");
-                    };
-                    (
-                        surface,
-                        wgpu::Operations {
-                            load: wgpu::LoadOp::Clear(wgpu::Color::TRANSPARENT),
-                            store: wgpu::StoreOp::Store,
-                        },
-                    )
-                } else {
-                    let ExecutionKind::Render {
-                        color_attachments, ..
-                    } = &execution.kind
-                    else {
-                        return Err("fullscreen is not render");
-                    };
-                    let color = color_attachments
-                        .first()
-                        .ok_or("fullscreen target missing")?;
-                    (
-                        view(color.resource)?,
-                        wgpu::Operations {
-                            load: match color.load {
-                                NormalizedColorLoad::Load => wgpu::LoadOp::Load,
-                                NormalizedColorLoad::Clear { value } => {
-                                    wgpu::LoadOp::Clear(wgpu::Color {
-                                        r: value[0],
-                                        g: value[1],
-                                        b: value[2],
-                                        a: value[3],
-                                    })
-                                }
+                    .get(first)
+                    .ok_or("execution out of bounds")?
+                    .id,
+                active
+                    .graph
+                    .executions
+                    .get(last)
+                    .ok_or("execution out of bounds")?
+                    .id
+            )
+        };
+        let (colors, depth) = match &physical.kind {
+            crate::render_graph::PhysicalRenderPassKind::Surface => (
+                vec![Some(wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment {
+                    view: surface,
+                    depth_slice: None,
+                    resolve_target: None,
+                    ops: wgpu::Operations {
+                        load: wgpu::LoadOp::Clear(wgpu::Color::TRANSPARENT),
+                        store: wgpu::StoreOp::Store,
+                    },
+                })],
+                None,
+            ),
+            crate::render_graph::PhysicalRenderPassKind::Texture {
+                color_attachments,
+                depth_stencil,
+            } => {
+                let colors = color_attachments
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|color| {
+                        Ok(Some(wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment {
+                            view: view(color.resource)?,
+                            depth_slice: None,
+                            resolve_target: color.resolve_target.map(view).transpose()?,
+                            ops: wgpu::Operations {
+                                load: match color.load {
+                                    NormalizedColorLoad::Load => wgpu::LoadOp::Load,
+                                    NormalizedColorLoad::Clear { value } => {
+                                        wgpu::LoadOp::Clear(wgpu::Color {
+                                            r: value[0],
+                                            g: value[1],
+                                            b: value[2],
+                                            a: value[3],
+                                        })
+                                    }
+                                },
+                                store: if color.store == StoreOp::Store {
+                                    wgpu::StoreOp::Store
+                                } else {
+                                    wgpu::StoreOp::Discard
+                                },
                             },
-                            store: if color.store == StoreOp::Store {
-                                wgpu::StoreOp::Store
-                            } else {
-                                wgpu::StoreOp::Discard
-                            },
-                        },
-                    )
-                };
-                let mut pass = encoder.begin_render_pass(&wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor {
-                    label: Some(&execution.id),
-                    color_attachments: &[Some(wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment {
-                        view: target,
-                        depth_slice: None,
-                        resolve_target: None,
-                        ops: operations,
-                    })],
-                    depth_stencil_attachment: None,
-                    occlusion_query_set: None,
-                    timestamp_writes: profile
-                        .as_deref_mut()
-                        .and_then(|p| p.render_writes(&execution.id)),
-                });
-                pass.set_pipeline(pipeline);
-                pass.set_bind_group(0, bind_group, &[]);
-                pass.draw(0..3, 0..1);
+                        }))
+                    })
+                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, &'static str>>()?;
+                let depth = depth_stencil
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .map(|depth| -> Result<_, &'static str> {
+                        Ok(wgpu::RenderPassDepthStencilAttachment {
+                            view: view(depth.resource)?,
+                            depth_ops: Some(wgpu::Operations {
+                                load: match depth.load {
+                                    NormalizedDepthLoad::Load => wgpu::LoadOp::Load,
+                                    NormalizedDepthLoad::Clear { value } => {
+                                        wgpu::LoadOp::Clear(value)
+                                    }
+                                },
+                                store: if depth.store == StoreOp::Store {
+                                    wgpu::StoreOp::Store
+                                } else {
+                                    wgpu::StoreOp::Discard
+                                },
+                            }),
+                            stencil_ops: None,
+                        })
+                    })
+                    .transpose()?;
+                (colors, depth)
             }
-            PreparedExecution::Pipeline {
-                execution,
-                base,
-                predicate_ordinal,
-                variant,
-            } => {
-                let execution = active
-                    .graph
-                    .executions
-                    .get(*execution)
-                    .ok_or(" execution out of bounds")?;
-                let ExecutionKind::Render {
-                    color_attachments,
-                    depth_stencil,
-                } = &execution.kind
-                else {
-                    return Err("pipeline is not render");
-                };
-                let color = color_attachments.first().ok_or("pipeline color missing")?;
-                let depth = depth_stencil.as_ref().ok_or("pipeline depth missing")?;
-                let mut pass = encoder.begin_render_pass(&wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor {
-                    label: Some(&execution.id),
-                    color_attachments: &[Some(wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment {
-                        view: view(color.resource)?,
-                        depth_slice: None,
-                        resolve_target: color.resolve_target.map(view).transpose()?,
-                        ops: wgpu::Operations {
-                            load: match color.load {
-                                NormalizedColorLoad::Load => wgpu::LoadOp::Load,
-                                NormalizedColorLoad::Clear { value } => {
-                                    wgpu::LoadOp::Clear(wgpu::Color {
-                                        r: value[0],
-                                        g: value[1],
-                                        b: value[2],
-                                        a: value[3],
-                                    })
-                                }
-                            },
-                            store: if color.store == StoreOp::Store {
-                                wgpu::StoreOp::Store
-                            } else {
-                                wgpu::StoreOp::Discard
-                            },
-                        },
-                    })],
-                    depth_stencil_attachment: Some(wgpu::RenderPassDepthStencilAttachment {
-                        view: view(depth.resource)?,
-                        depth_ops: Some(wgpu::Operations {
-                            load: match depth.load {
-                                NormalizedDepthLoad::Load => wgpu::LoadOp::Load,
-                                NormalizedDepthLoad::Clear { value } => wgpu::LoadOp::Clear(value),
-                            },
-                            store: if depth.store == StoreOp::Store {
-                                wgpu::StoreOp::Store
-                            } else {
-                                wgpu::StoreOp::Discard
-                            },
-                        }),
-                        stencil_ops: None,
-                    }),
-                    occlusion_query_set: None,
-                    timestamp_writes: profile
-                        .as_deref_mut()
-                        .and_then(|p| p.render_writes(&execution.id)),
-                });
-                for (i, group) in scene.bind_groups().iter().enumerate() {
-                    pass.set_bind_group(i as u32, group, &[]);
+        };
+        let mut pass = encoder.begin_render_pass(&wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor {
+            label: Some(&label),
+            color_attachments: &colors,
+            depth_stencil_attachment: depth,
+            occlusion_query_set: None,
+            timestamp_writes: profile.as_deref_mut().and_then(|p| p.render_writes(&label)),
+        });
+        for &member in &physical.executions {
+            match active
+                .executions
+                .get(member as usize)
+                .ok_or("prepared execution out of bounds")?
+            {
+                PreparedExecution::Fullscreen {
+                    bind_group,
+                    pipeline,
+                    ..
+                } => {
+                    pass.set_pipeline(pipeline);
+                    pass.set_bind_group(0, bind_group, &[]);
+                    pass.draw(0..3, 0..1);
                 }
-                if let (Some(p), Some(n), Some(u), Some(t), Some(ix), Some(inst)) = (
-                    &gpu.positions.buffer,
-                    &gpu.normals.buffer,
-                    &gpu.uvs.buffer,
-                    &gpu.tangents.buffer,
-                    &gpu.indices.buffer,
-                    &gpu.instances.buffer,
-                ) {
-                    pass.set_vertex_buffer(0, p.slice(..));
-                    pass.set_vertex_buffer(1, n.slice(..));
-                    pass.set_vertex_buffer(2, u.slice(..));
-                    pass.set_vertex_buffer(4, t.slice(..));
-                    pass.set_index_buffer(ix.slice(..), wgpu::IndexFormat::Uint32);
-                    pass.set_vertex_buffer(3, inst.slice(..));
-                    for (draw_index, draw) in gpu.draws.iter().enumerate() {
-                        pass.set_pipeline(variant);
-                        if pipelines.requires_material(*base) {
-                            pass.set_bind_group(2, materials.group(draw.material), &[]);
+                PreparedExecution::Pipeline {
+                    base,
+                    predicate_ordinal,
+                    variant,
+                    ..
+                } => {
+                    for (i, group) in scene.bind_groups().iter().enumerate() {
+                        pass.set_bind_group(i as u32, group, &[]);
+                    }
+                    if let (Some(p), Some(n), Some(u), Some(t), Some(ix), Some(inst)) = (
+                        &gpu.positions.buffer,
+                        &gpu.normals.buffer,
+                        &gpu.uvs.buffer,
+                        &gpu.tangents.buffer,
+                        &gpu.indices.buffer,
+                        &gpu.instances.buffer,
+                    ) {
+                        pass.set_vertex_buffer(0, p.slice(..));
+                        pass.set_vertex_buffer(1, n.slice(..));
+                        pass.set_vertex_buffer(2, u.slice(..));
+                        pass.set_vertex_buffer(4, t.slice(..));
+                        pass.set_index_buffer(ix.slice(..), wgpu::IndexFormat::Uint32);
+                        pass.set_vertex_buffer(3, inst.slice(..));
+                        for (draw_index, draw) in gpu.draws.iter().enumerate() {
+                            pass.set_pipeline(variant);
+                            if pipelines.requires_material(*base) {
+                                pass.set_bind_group(2, materials.group(draw.material), &[]);
+                            }
+                            pass.draw_indexed_indirect(
+                                indirect_commands,
+                                crate::renderer::instance_traversal::command_offset(
+                                    *predicate_ordinal,
+                                    gpu.draws.len(),
+                                    draw_index,
+                                ),
+                            );
                         }
-                        pass.draw_indexed_indirect(
-                            indirect_commands,
-                            crate::renderer::instance_traversal::command_offset(
-                                *predicate_ordinal,
-                                gpu.draws.len(),
-                                draw_index,
-                            ),
-                        );
                     }
                 }
             }
diff --git a/renderer/src/renderer/mod.rs b/renderer/src/renderer/mod.rs
index dc98a0b..0cf47be 100644
--- a/renderer/src/renderer/mod.rs
+++ b/renderer/src/renderer/mod.rs
@@ -815,14 +815,11 @@ struct GpuTextureSlot {
 
 enum PreparedExecution {
     Pipeline {
-        execution: usize,
         base: crate::render_data::PipelineKey,
         predicate_ordinal: u32,
         variant: wgpu::RenderPipeline,
     },
     Fullscreen {
-        execution: usize,
-        frame_out: bool,
         bind_group: wgpu::BindGroup,
         pipeline: wgpu::RenderPipeline,
         _uniform: wgpu::Buffer,
@@ -1687,17 +1684,17 @@ impl<T: Scene + 'static> Renderer<T> {
             .iter()
             .enumerate()
             .map(|(index, execution)| {
-                let NormalizedParameters::Pipeline { pipeline, .. } = &execution.parameters else {
+                let NormalizedParameters::Raster { .. } = &execution.parameters else {
                     return Ok(None);
                 };
                 self.resources
-                    .find_pipeline(pipeline)
+                    .find_pipeline(&execution.executor.key)
                     .map(Some)
                     .ok_or_else(|| {
                         GraphError::at(
                             "GRAPH_EXECUTION_UNSUPPORTED",
-                            format!("pipeline '{pipeline}' is not registered"),
-                            format!("executions[{index}].parameters.pipeline"),
+                            format!("pipeline '{}' is not registered", execution.executor.key),
+                            format!("executions[{index}].executor.key"),
                         )
                     })
             })
@@ -1952,12 +1949,11 @@ impl<T: Scene + 'static> Renderer<T> {
                     let target_format = if frame_out {
                         runtime.surface.format
                     } else {
-                        let ExecutionKind::Render {
-                            color_attachments, ..
-                        } = &execution.kind
-                        else {
+                        if !matches!(execution.kind, ExecutionKind::Fullscreen) {
                             return Err(fail("fullscreen execution is not render"));
-                        };
+                        }
+                        let (color_attachments, _) =
+                            crate::render_graph::execution_attachments(execution);
                         let target = color_attachments
                             .first()
                             .ok_or_else(|| fail("fullscreen target missing"))?
@@ -2045,21 +2041,17 @@ impl<T: Scene + 'static> Renderer<T> {
                                 ],
                             });
                     executions.push(PreparedExecution::Fullscreen {
-                        execution: index,
-                        frame_out,
                         bind_group,
                         pipeline,
                         _uniform: uniform,
                     });
                 }
-                "pipeline" => {
-                    let ExecutionKind::Render {
-                        color_attachments,
-                        depth_stencil,
-                    } = &execution.kind
-                    else {
+                _ if contract.is_raster_draw() => {
+                    if !matches!(execution.kind, ExecutionKind::RasterDraw) {
                         return Err(fail("pipeline is not render"));
-                    };
+                    }
+                    let (color_attachments, depth_stencil) =
+                        crate::render_graph::execution_attachments(execution);
                     let color = color_attachments
                         .first()
                         .ok_or_else(|| fail("pipeline color missing"))?;
@@ -2098,8 +2090,8 @@ impl<T: Scene + 'static> Renderer<T> {
                                 .ok_or_else(|| fail("depth allocation invalid"))
                         })
                         .transpose()?;
-                    let NormalizedParameters::Pipeline {
-                        pipeline: _,
+                    let NormalizedParameters::Raster {
+                        draw_order: _,
                         depth_compare,
                         depth_write_enabled,
                         ..
@@ -2145,7 +2137,6 @@ impl<T: Scene + 'static> Renderer<T> {
                         )
                         .map_err(|e| GraphError::new("GRAPH_RUNTIME_PLAN_INVALID", e))?;
                     executions.push(PreparedExecution::Pipeline {
-                        execution: index,
                         base,
                         predicate_ordinal: runtime
                             .instance_traversal
diff --git a/renderer/src/renderer/profiler.rs b/renderer/src/renderer/profiler.rs
index b2d367d..69a1ee8 100644
--- a/renderer/src/renderer/profiler.rs
+++ b/renderer/src/renderer/profiler.rs
@@ -4,13 +4,16 @@ use std::{
 };
 use wasm_bindgen::JsValue;
 
-pub const MAX_PROFILE_PASSES: usize = crate::render_graph::MAX_EXECUTIONS;
+// A frame can contain every logical execution as a singleton physical pass and
+// one instance-traversal compute pass.
+pub const MAX_PROFILE_PASSES: usize = crate::render_graph::MAX_EXECUTIONS + 1;
 #[cfg(any(target_arch = "wasm32", test))]
 const SLOT_COUNT: usize = 4;
 #[cfg(any(target_arch = "wasm32", test))]
 const QUERY_COUNT: u32 = (MAX_PROFILE_PASSES * 2) as u32;
 #[cfg(any(target_arch = "wasm32", test))]
-const RESOLVE_SIZE: u64 = QUERY_COUNT as u64 * 8;
+const USED_RESOLVE_SIZE: u64 = QUERY_COUNT as u64 * 8;
+const RESOLVE_SIZE: u64 = USED_RESOLVE_SIZE.next_multiple_of(wgpu::QUERY_RESOLVE_BUFFER_ALIGNMENT);
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 enum SlotState {
@@ -396,7 +399,9 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn capacity_is_aligned() {
         assert_eq!(RESOLVE_SIZE % wgpu::QUERY_RESOLVE_BUFFER_ALIGNMENT, 0);
-        assert_eq!(QUERY_COUNT, 2048)
+        assert!(RESOLVE_SIZE >= USED_RESOLVE_SIZE);
+        assert!(RESOLVE_SIZE - USED_RESOLVE_SIZE < wgpu::QUERY_RESOLVE_BUFFER_ALIGNMENT);
+        assert_eq!(QUERY_COUNT as usize, MAX_PROFILE_PASSES * 2)
     }
     #[test]
     fn lazy_identity_when_disabled_unavailable_or_full() {
diff --git a/static/render-graph/add-node-menu.js b/static/render-graph/add-node-menu.js
index 3963ca7..829a331 100644
--- a/static/render-graph/add-node-menu.js
+++ b/static/render-graph/add-node-menu.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { semanticCatalog } from "./catalog.js";
+import { NODE_TITLE_OVERRIDES, semanticCatalog } from "./catalog.js";
 
 const GROUPS = Object.freeze([
   ["source", "Source"],
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ export const addNodeItems = Object.freeze(
   GROUPS.flatMap(([execution, group]) =>
     Object.entries(semanticCatalog)
       .filter(([, definition]) => definition.execution === execution)
-      .map(([typeId]) => Object.freeze({ typeId, title: title(typeId), group })),
+      .map(([typeId]) => Object.freeze({ typeId, title: NODE_TITLE_OVERRIDES[typeId] ?? title(typeId), group })),
   ),
 );
 
diff --git a/static/render-graph/catalog.js b/static/render-graph/catalog.js
index f32c5fa..49afc3b 100644
--- a/static/render-graph/catalog.js
+++ b/static/render-graph/catalog.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 export const GRAPH_ID = "authored_gpu_culling";
-export const CATALOG_VERSION = 11;
+export const CATALOG_VERSION = 12;
 const exact = (type) => ({ kind: "exact", types: [type] });
 const i = (type, minimum = 1, authoringType, defaultPolicy = minimum ? "none" : "parameter_literal", maximum = 1) => ({
   accepted: typeof type === "string" ? exact(type) : type,
@@ -63,6 +63,20 @@ const texture = {
     viewFormats: [],
   },
 };
+const rasterInputs = () => ({
+  mesh: i("mesh_data"),
+  predicate: i("bool", 0),
+  colorTarget: i("texture", 0, undefined, "compiler_texture"),
+  depthTarget: i("texture", 0, undefined, "compiler_texture"),
+});
+const rasterOutputs = () => ({ color: o("texture"), depth: o("texture") });
+const rasterParameters = () => ({ drawOrder: 0, depthCompare: "less_equal", depthWriteEnabled: true, clearDepth: 1, clearColor: [0.015, 0.02, 0.03, 1] });
+const raster = () => ({ version: 1, execution: "render", inputs: rasterInputs(), outputs: rasterOutputs(), parameters: rasterParameters() });
+export const NODE_TITLE_OVERRIDES = Object.freeze({
+  ground_plane: "Ground Plane",
+  gltf_standard: "glTF Standard",
+  gltf_standard_double_sided: "glTF Standard — Double-Sided",
+});
 export const semanticCatalog = Object.freeze({
   mesh: {
     version: 2,
@@ -107,18 +121,9 @@ export const semanticCatalog = Object.freeze({
     outputs: { isFrustumCulled: o("bool") },
     parameters: { cameraSelection: "active" },
   },
-  pipeline: {
-    version: 4,
-    execution: "render",
-    inputs: {
-      mesh: i("mesh_data"),
-      predicate: i("bool", 0),
-      colorTarget: i("texture", 0, undefined, "compiler_texture"),
-      depthTarget: i("texture", 0, undefined, "compiler_texture"),
-    },
-    outputs: { color: o("texture"), depth: o("texture") },
-    parameters: { pipeline: "gltf_standard", depthCompare: "less_equal", depthWriteEnabled: true, clearDepth: 1, clearColor: [0.015, 0.02, 0.03, 1] },
-  },
+  ground_plane: raster(),
+  gltf_standard: raster(),
+  gltf_standard_double_sided: raster(),
   ...expressionCatalog,
   fullscreen_copy: {
     version: 1,
@@ -292,7 +297,6 @@ const enumeration = (value, values) => ({
   default: tagged("string", value),
   enum: values,
 });
-const string = (value) => ({ type: "string", default: tagged("string", value) });
 const boolean = (value) => ({
   type: "boolean",
   default: tagged("boolean", value),
@@ -327,7 +331,7 @@ const zero = (type) => {
     Array.from({ length: size }, (_, row) => Number(column === row)));
 };
 const defaultForInput = (key, name, type) => {
-  if (key === "pipeline" && name === "predicate") return true;
+  if (["ground_plane", "gltf_standard", "gltf_standard_double_sided"].includes(key) && name === "predicate") return true;
   if (key === "and") return true;
   if (/^combine_mat[234]$/.test(key)) {
     const index = Number(name.replace("column", ""));
@@ -374,8 +378,8 @@ const parameterSchemas = {
   },
   mesh: {},
   frustum_cull: { cameraSelection: enumeration("active", ["active"]) },
-  pipeline: {
-    pipeline: string("gltf_standard"),
+  ground_plane: {
+    drawOrder: { ...number(0, -2147483648, 2147483647), integer: true },
     depthCompare: enumeration("less_equal", [
       "never",
       "less",
@@ -418,6 +422,8 @@ const parameterSchemas = {
   },
 };
 for (const key of Object.keys(expressionCatalog)) parameterSchemas[key] = {};
+parameterSchemas.gltf_standard = structuredClone(parameterSchemas.ground_plane);
+parameterSchemas.gltf_standard_double_sided = structuredClone(parameterSchemas.ground_plane);
 export const nodeDefinitions = Object.fromEntries(
   Object.entries(semanticCatalog).map(([key, c]) => {
     const sockets = {
@@ -453,7 +459,7 @@ export const nodeDefinitions = Object.fromEntries(
       key,
       {
         version: c.version,
-        title: key.replaceAll("_", " "),
+        title: NODE_TITLE_OVERRIDES[key] ?? key.replaceAll("_", " "),
         behavior: "standard",
         style: c.execution,
         parameters,
@@ -475,6 +481,13 @@ export const nodeDefinitions = Object.fromEntries(
   }),
 );
 nodeDefinitions.mesh.sockets.localAabb.title = "Local AABB";
+for (const key of Object.keys(NODE_TITLE_OVERRIDES)) {
+  for (const item of nodeDefinitions[key].ui) {
+    if (item.parameter === "drawOrder") item.title = "Draw Order";
+    if (item.parameter === "clearColor") item.title = "Initial Color";
+    if (item.parameter === "clearDepth") item.title = "Initial Depth";
+  }
+}
 nodeDefinitions.color_balance.ui = [
   { kind: "parameter", parameter: "mode" },
   { kind: "widget", widget: "grading-wheels", bindings: [
diff --git a/static/render-graph/presets.js b/static/render-graph/presets.js
index 25fa3cf..315e194 100644
--- a/static/render-graph/presets.js
+++ b/static/render-graph/presets.js
@@ -31,20 +31,20 @@ const predicates = (withCulling = false) => {
     result.find((item) => item.id === id).inputs.inputs.push(...input("not_culled", "value"));
   return { nodes: result, classes: { ground: "ground_class", pbr: "standard_class", pbr_double: "double_class" } };
 };
-const scene = (colorTarget, clearColor = [0.015, 0.02, 0.03, 1], heightScale = 1, withCulling = false) => {
+const scene = (colorTarget, clearColor = [0.015, 0.02, 0.03, 1], heightScale = 1, withCulling = false, sampleCount = 1) => {
   const classification = predicates(withCulling);
-  const explicit = colorTarget || heightScale !== 1;
   const target = colorTarget || "hdr";
   return [
-  ...(explicit && !colorTarget ? [node("hdr", "texture", texture("rgba16_float", 1, heightScale))] : []),
+  ...(!colorTarget ? [node("hdr", "texture", texture("rgba16_float", 1, heightScale, sampleCount))] : []),
+  node("scene_depth", "texture", texture("depth32_float", 1, heightScale, sampleCount)),
   node("mesh", "mesh"),
   ...classification.nodes,
-  node("ground", "pipeline", { pipeline: "ground_plane", depthCompare: "less_equal", depthWriteEnabled: true, clearDepth: 1, clearColor, predicateDefault: true }, { mesh: input("mesh", "mesh"), predicate: input(classification.classes.ground, "value"), ...(explicit ? { colorTarget: input(target, "texture") } : {}) }),
-  node("pbr", "pipeline", { pipeline: "gltf_standard", depthCompare: "less_equal", depthWriteEnabled: true, clearDepth: 1, clearColor, predicateDefault: true }, { mesh: input("mesh", "mesh"), predicate: input(classification.classes.pbr, "value"), colorTarget: input("ground", "color"), depthTarget: input("ground", "depth") }),
-  node("pbr_double", "pipeline", { pipeline: "gltf_standard_double_sided", depthCompare: "less_equal", depthWriteEnabled: true, clearDepth: 1, clearColor, predicateDefault: true }, { mesh: input("mesh", "mesh"), predicate: input(classification.classes.pbr_double, "value"), colorTarget: input("pbr", "color"), depthTarget: input("pbr", "depth") }),
+  node("ground", "ground_plane", { drawOrder: 0, depthCompare: "less_equal", depthWriteEnabled: true, clearDepth: 1, clearColor, predicateDefault: true }, { mesh: input("mesh", "mesh"), predicate: input(classification.classes.ground, "value"), colorTarget: input(target, "texture"), depthTarget: input("scene_depth", "texture") }),
+  node("pbr", "gltf_standard", { drawOrder: 1, depthCompare: "less_equal", depthWriteEnabled: true, clearDepth: 1, clearColor, predicateDefault: true }, { mesh: input("mesh", "mesh"), predicate: input(classification.classes.pbr, "value"), colorTarget: input(target, "texture"), depthTarget: input("scene_depth", "texture") }),
+  node("pbr_double", "gltf_standard_double_sided", { drawOrder: 2, depthCompare: "less_equal", depthWriteEnabled: true, clearDepth: 1, clearColor, predicateDefault: true }, { mesh: input("mesh", "mesh"), predicate: input(classification.classes.pbr_double, "value"), colorTarget: input(target, "texture"), depthTarget: input("scene_depth", "texture") }),
 ];
 };
-const graph = (graphId, nodes) => Object.freeze({ schemaVersion: 3, graphId, revision: 2, nodes });
+const graph = (graphId, nodes) => Object.freeze({ schemaVersion: 3, graphId, revision: 3, nodes });
 const direct = (graphId, clearColor) => graph(graphId, [
   node("ldr", "texture", texture("rgba8_unorm")),
   ...scene("ldr", clearColor),
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ export const hdr = graph("preset_hdr_fullscreen", [
 ]);
 export const msaa = graph("preset_msaa", [
   node("msaa_hdr", "texture", texture("rgba16_float", 1, 1, 4)),
-  ...scene("msaa_hdr"),
+  ...scene("msaa_hdr", undefined, 1, false, 4),
   node("frame_out", "frame_out", frameOut(true), { color: input("pbr_double", "color") }),
 ]);
 export const culling = graph("preset_gpu_culling", (() => {
diff --git a/tests/add-node-menu.test.js b/tests/add-node-menu.test.js
index 70a51a0..fc2ce50 100644
--- a/tests/add-node-menu.test.js
+++ b/tests/add-node-menu.test.js
@@ -11,12 +11,14 @@ import {
 } from "../static/render-graph/node-spawn.js";
 
 test("add-node model contains all final catalog types in application groups", () => {
-  assert.equal(addNodeItems.length, 42);
+  assert.equal(addNodeItems.length, 44);
   assert.deepEqual(
     [...new Set(addNodeItems.map((item) => item.group))],
     ["Source", "Expression", "Render / post", "Frame"],
   );
-  assert.equal(new Set(addNodeItems.map((item) => item.typeId)).size, 42);
+  assert.equal(new Set(addNodeItems.map((item) => item.typeId)).size, 44);
+  assert.deepEqual(addNodeItems.filter((item) => ["ground_plane", "gltf_standard", "gltf_standard_double_sided"].includes(item.typeId)).map((item) => item.title), ["Ground Plane", "glTF Standard", "glTF Standard — Double-Sided"]);
+  assert.ok(!addNodeItems.some((item) => item.typeId === "pipeline" || item.title === "Pipeline"));
   assert.ok(addNodeItems.some((item) => item.typeId === "separate_u32_bits" && item.group === "Expression"));
   assert.ok(!addNodeItems.some((item) => ["mesh_query", "pipeline_registry"].includes(item.typeId)));
   assert.deepEqual(searchAddNodeItems("no such node"), []);
diff --git a/tests/fxnode-composition.test.js b/tests/fxnode-composition.test.js
index c4f4443..262f349 100644
--- a/tests/fxnode-composition.test.js
+++ b/tests/fxnode-composition.test.js
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ test("production render graph composition passes fxnode's public validator", asy
       result.ok ? undefined : JSON.stringify(result.issues, null, 2),
     );
     assert.equal(fxNodeComposition.schemaVersion, 2);
-    assert.equal(fxNodeComposition.version, 11);
-    assert.equal(Object.keys(fxNodeComposition.nodes).length, 42);
+    assert.equal(fxNodeComposition.version, 12);
+    assert.equal(Object.keys(fxNodeComposition.nodes).length, 44);
     assert.ok(
       Object.values(fxNodeComposition.nodes).every(
         (definition) => definition.migrations.length === 0,
diff --git a/tests/render-graph-authoring.test.js b/tests/render-graph-authoring.test.js
index bf4acbf..fe526ed 100644
--- a/tests/render-graph-authoring.test.js
+++ b/tests/render-graph-authoring.test.js
@@ -30,15 +30,18 @@ const authoredLink = (id, from, to = "target", muted = false) => ({
   toNodeId: to, toSocketId: `${to}:inputs`, muted, extensions: {},
 });
 
-test("catalog v11 exposes the final mesh, pipeline, and typed-expression contracts", () => {
-  assert.equal(CATALOG_VERSION, 11);
+test("catalog v12 exposes raster and typed-expression contracts", () => {
+  assert.equal(CATALOG_VERSION, 12);
   assert.deepEqual(semanticCatalog.mesh.outputs, {
     mesh: { type: "mesh_data" }, type: { type: "u32x16" }, localAabb: { type: "local_aabb" },
   });
   assert.equal(semanticCatalog.mesh.version, 2);
   assert.equal(nodeDefinitions.mesh.sockets.localAabb.title, "Local AABB");
-  assert.equal(semanticCatalog.pipeline.version, 4);
-  assert.deepEqual(semanticCatalog.pipeline.inputs.predicate.cardinality, { minimum: 0, maximum: 1 });
+  assert.equal(semanticCatalog.pipeline, undefined);
+  for (const key of ["ground_plane", "gltf_standard", "gltf_standard_double_sided"]) {
+    assert.equal(semanticCatalog[key].version, 1);
+    assert.deepEqual(semanticCatalog[key].inputs.predicate.cardinality, { minimum: 0, maximum: 1 });
+  }
   assert.deepEqual(semanticCatalog.and.inputs.inputs.cardinality, { minimum: 0, maximum: 8 });
   assert.equal(nodeDefinitions.and.sockets.inputs.maxIncomingLinks, 8);
   assert.equal(nodeDefinitions.and.sockets.inputs.value, null);
@@ -52,21 +55,34 @@ test("catalog v11 exposes the final mesh, pipeline, and typed-expression contrac
   }
 });
 
+test("raster declarations own their defaults and sockets", () => {
+  const keys = ["ground_plane", "gltf_standard", "gltf_standard_double_sided"];
+  assert.deepEqual(keys.map((key) => nodeDefinitions[key].title), [
+    "Ground Plane", "glTF Standard", "glTF Standard — Double-Sided",
+  ]);
+  assert.notStrictEqual(semanticCatalog.ground_plane.inputs, semanticCatalog.gltf_standard.inputs);
+  assert.notStrictEqual(nodeDefinitions.ground_plane.sockets, nodeDefinitions.gltf_standard.sockets);
+  assert.notStrictEqual(nodeDefinitions.ground_plane.parameters, nodeDefinitions.gltf_standard.parameters);
+  assert.notStrictEqual(nodeDefinitions.ground_plane.parameters.clearColor.default.value,
+    nodeDefinitions.gltf_standard.parameters.clearColor.default.value);
+  assert.equal("pipeline" in nodeDefinitions.gltf_standard.parameters, false);
+});
+
 test("current culling fixture uses type-bit predicates and final socket versions", () => {
   const byId = Object.fromEntries(culling.nodes.map((node) => [node.id, node]));
   assert.deepEqual(byId.cull.inputs.localAabb, [{ node: "mesh", socket: "localAabb" }]);
   assert.deepEqual(byId.type_words.inputs.value, [{ node: "mesh", socket: "type" }]);
-  assert.equal(byId.ground.executor.version, 4);
+  assert.equal(byId.ground.executor.version, 1);
   assert.equal(byId.ground.inputs.predicate[0].node, "ground_class");
 });
 
 test("compiler texture sockets expose policy metadata without literal widgets", () => {
   for (const socket of ["colorTarget", "depthTarget"]) {
-    assert.equal(semanticCatalog.pipeline.inputs[socket].defaultPolicy, "compiler_texture");
-    assert.equal(nodeDefinitions.pipeline.sockets[socket].default, undefined);
+    assert.equal(semanticCatalog.gltf_standard.inputs[socket].defaultPolicy, "compiler_texture");
+    assert.equal(nodeDefinitions.gltf_standard.sockets[socket].default, undefined);
   }
-  assert.equal(semanticCatalog.pipeline.inputs.predicate.defaultPolicy, "parameter_literal");
-  assert.notEqual(nodeDefinitions.pipeline.sockets.predicate.default, null);
+  assert.equal(semanticCatalog.gltf_standard.inputs.predicate.defaultPolicy, "parameter_literal");
+  assert.notEqual(nodeDefinitions.gltf_standard.sockets.predicate.default, null);
 });
 
 test("removed architecture is absent from the authoring catalog", () => {
diff --git a/tests/render-graph-presets.test.js b/tests/render-graph-presets.test.js
index 9d56fb3..46e763b 100644
--- a/tests/render-graph-presets.test.js
+++ b/tests/render-graph-presets.test.js
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import { descriptors } from "../static/render-graph/catalog.js";
 test("all presets use current schemas, versions, and one frame output", () => {
   assert.equal(Object.keys(presets.renderGraphPresets).length, 13);
   for (const [name, graph] of Object.entries(presets.renderGraphPresets)) {
-    assert.deepEqual([graph.schemaVersion, graph.revision], [3, 2], name);
+    assert.deepEqual([graph.schemaVersion, graph.revision], [3, 3], name);
     assert.equal(new Set(graph.nodes.map((node) => node.id)).size, graph.nodes.length, name);
     assert.equal(graph.nodes.filter((node) => node.executor.key === "frame_out").length, 1, name);
     for (const node of graph.nodes)
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ test("all presets use current schemas, versions, and one frame output", () => {
   const authoredX4 = Object.entries(presets.renderGraphPresets).flatMap(([name, graph]) =>
     graph.nodes.filter((node) => node.parameters?.texture?.sampleCount === 4)
       .map((node) => `${name}:${node.id}`));
-  assert.deepEqual(authoredX4, ["msaa:msaa_hdr"]);
+  assert.deepEqual(authoredX4, ["msaa:msaa_hdr", "msaa:scene_depth"]);
   assert.equal(typeof presets.msaa.nodes.find((node) => node.id === "msaa_hdr")
     .parameters.texture.sampleCount, "number");
 });
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ test("presets classify demo-owned enable and material bits through type.words[0]
     assert.deepEqual(byId.pbr_double.inputs.predicate, [{ node: "double_class", socket: "value" }], name);
     for (const pipeline of [byId.ground, byId.pbr, byId.pbr_double]) {
       assert.deepEqual(pipeline.inputs.mesh, [{ node: "mesh", socket: "mesh" }]);
-      assert.equal(pipeline.executor.version, 4);
+      assert.equal(pipeline.executor.version, 1);
     }
   }
 });
@@ -45,14 +45,20 @@ test("culling adds a local-AABB expression to each material predicate", () => {
     assert.equal(byId[id].inputs.inputs.at(-1).node, "not_culled");
 });
 
-test("implicit presets start disconnected and then chain both attachments", () => {
-  for (const name of ["hdr", "culling", "grading"]) {
-    const byId = Object.fromEntries(presets[name].nodes.map((node) => [node.id, node]));
-    assert.equal("colorTarget" in byId.ground.inputs, false, name);
-    assert.equal("depthTarget" in byId.ground.inputs, false, name);
-    assert.deepEqual(byId.pbr.inputs.colorTarget, [{ node: "ground", socket: "color" }], name);
-    assert.deepEqual(byId.pbr.inputs.depthTarget, [{ node: "ground", socket: "depth" }], name);
+test("scene pipelines directly share matching explicit color and depth targets", () => {
+  for (const [name, graph] of Object.entries(presets.renderGraphPresets)) {
+    const byId = Object.fromEntries(graph.nodes.map((node) => [node.id, node]));
+    const color = byId.ground.inputs.colorTarget;
+    const depth = byId.ground.inputs.depthTarget;
+    for (const id of ["ground", "pbr", "pbr_double"]) {
+      assert.deepEqual(byId[id].inputs.colorTarget, color, `${name}:${id}`);
+      assert.deepEqual(byId[id].inputs.depthTarget, depth, `${name}:${id}`);
+      assert.equal(["ground", "pbr", "pbr_double"].includes(color[0].node), false, name);
+    }
+    const colorDescriptor = byId[color[0].node].parameters.texture;
+    const depthDescriptor = byId[depth[0].node].parameters.texture;
+    assert.equal(depthDescriptor.format, "depth32_float", name);
+    assert.deepEqual(depthDescriptor.extent, colorDescriptor.extent, name);
+    assert.equal(depthDescriptor.sampleCount, colorDescriptor.sampleCount, name);
   }
-  const midnight = Object.fromEntries(presets.midnight.nodes.map((node) => [node.id, node]));
-  assert.deepEqual(midnight.ground.inputs.colorTarget, [{ node: "ldr", socket: "texture" }]);
 });